L I R July 30, 2021 Topic: World War II Region: Europe Blog Brand: The Reboot Tags: World War II Nazi Germany Soviet Union Eastern Front Operation Typhoon How the Russian Winter Froze Hitler's. [h] In a second article in 1992, A.A. Shevyakov gave a figure of 20.8million civilian dead;[i] no explanation for the difference was given. including 7.4 million killed; 2.54 million POWs; 400,000 non-combat dead and 380,000 executed by Soviets. [246] The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces. A discussion of the famine in Java during 194445, leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2.4million Indonesians perished. In Nazi extermination camps: according to Polish, The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Soviet soldiers killed during the Toropets-Kholm Offensive, January 1942. The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable. The number of civilian deaths in China alone might well be more than 50,000,000. In its scale of destruction, the war on the Eastern Front was unique; from Leningrad to the Crimea, from Kiev to Stalingrad, the Soviet Union was devastated - at least 25 million Soviet citizens died. iUniverse, Inc. (July 13, 2005). Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from, Donald L. Niewyk, professor of history at Southern Methodist University, maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways: first, that it was the genocide of the Jews alone; second, that there were several parallel Holocausts, one for each of the several groups; third, the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews; fourth, it would include all racially motivated German crimes, such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, as well as political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals. 1- The summary report of September 30, 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305,000 killed and 780,000 wounded. The bulk of the Soviet combat units were deployed in the border regions in a lower state of readiness. Aufl., 1. MIA Re-conscripted were men conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being liberated. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war. Ukraine - German Invasion, Nazi Atrocities, and Soviet Victory Small and Singer put the military losses at 5,000. Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice); (1.5million in prewar 1937 Germany, (1958) A West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the flight during the war, post war expulsions and the, (1965), The search service of the German churches and Red Cross was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the expulsions, broken out as follows: 367,392 Poland (in post war borders); 18,889, (1966) The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims issued a statement that put the number of expulsion dead at 2,111,000 (1,225,000 Germany in 1937 borders, (1985) A demographic analysis which has the support of the German government, estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the, The German government currently maintains that 2.0million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe. German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7million other victims of the Nazis. According to Russian estimates the population in 1939 included 20.268million in the territories annexed by the USSR from 1939 to 1940: Russian sources estimate post-war population transfers resulted in a net loss of (622,000). The unknown Holocaust in the former Soviet Union Mai 1974. [45] Sources published outside of Russia put total POW dead at 3.0million. [13][14][15][16] In 2020, Mikhail Meltyukhov, who works with the Russian Federal archival project, claimed that 15.917.4million civilians were killed on Soviet territory by Germany and its allies during the war.[17]. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. They may be entitled to a gravestone, flag for their coffin, and burial in a National Cemetery", "U.S. Krivosheev's analysis shows that 4,559,000 were reported missing (including 3,396,400 per field reports and an additional 1,162,600 estimated based on German documents), out of which 500,000 were missing and presumed dead, 939,700 were re-conscripted during the war as territories were liberated, 1,836,000 returned to the U.S.S.R. after the war, while the balance of 1,283,300 died in German captivity as POWs or did not return to the USSR. - (Russian Academy of Sciences). A total of 2,230,500[265] persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 19411948. Mai 1974. Darski and T. L. Kharkova ("ADK") authored The Population of the Soviet Union 19221991, which was published by the Russian Academy of Science in 1993. Krivosheev puts the number of Soviet military POW that actually were sent to the camps at 4,059,000. During the period of Glasnost, the official figure of 20million war dead was challenged by Soviet scholars. The annual death rate in 19421945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5%. Published in Schulze, Rainer, Flchtlinge und Vertriebene in der westdeutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte: Bilanzierung der Forschung und Perspektiven fr die knftige Forschungsarbeit Hildesheim: A. Lax, 1987. The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UKDependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. The Hahn's believe the official German figure of 2million deaths is an historical myth, lacking foundation. They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe. [181] Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9million Jews.[182]. [149] Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses. Holocaust Encyclopedia "Mosaic of Victims: Overview", "Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida, A Teachers Guide to the Holocaust", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Encyclopedia: "Genocide of European Roma, 19391945", "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview", Jewish Responses to the Porajmos The Romani Holocaust, "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution", "United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. This revised figure was the result of research by the committee set up by Gorbachev that estimated total war dead at between 26 and 27million. p. 30 (figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare), R. J. Rumell, Statistics of democide Table 3.1. Manchuria & USSR 7,483 killed and 4,641 wounded. Russo-Finnish War, also called Winter War, (November 30, 1939-March 12, 1940), war waged by the Soviet Union against Finland at the beginning of World War II, following the conclusion of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (August 23, 1939). Nazi Empire: German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. However, at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine there to the, The war dead of 11,907 listed here are those reported by the, The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and, This territory includes areas now known as the. Germany reports. [12] Some Russian scholars put the total number of losses in the war, both civilian and military, at over 40million. Moscow Page 294. Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities. Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. Unlike other parts of South East Asia, Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war. Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin [171] Erlikman, a Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates. AFP/GettyImages Zakharova's remarks drew immediate condemnation. Andreev, E.M.; Darski, L.E. The German military participated in many aspects of the Holocaust: in supporting Hitler, in the use of forced labor, and in the mass murder of Jews and other groups targeted by the Nazis. 73538. A Mosaic of Victims: Non-Jews Persecuted and Murdered by the Nazis. people on Earth in 1940. Mikhalev adds these losses to the total because they were not part of the Red Army balance in June 1945, In addition Mikhalev believed that an additional 1.8 million deaths in hospital of wounded and sick personnel and 1.0 million convicted of offenses should be added to the total irreplaceable losses. [Tokyo], 1949, pp. Andreev, Darski and Karkova (ADK) put total losses at 26.6million. Studies on the Population of China, 13681953. Total killed were 93,326 (72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with Allies). India, which was a British colony during World War II, included the present-day, The war dead of 87,029 listed here are those reported by the, The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and, Although neutral, an estimated 70,000 of the Irish Free State's citizens volunteered in the British military service. ^AH Malta 1,493 civilians were killed and 3,734 wounded during the Siege of Malta (World War II)[89] Maltese civilians killed during the siege are also included with U.K. civilian deaths by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. They estimated German casualties up until April 30, 1945, at 2,230,324 dead, 2,870,404 missing and POW held by Allies. Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II In: Wolfgang Benz (Hg. Schoenberg, Germans from the East: A Study of their migration, resettlement and subsequent group history, since 1945, Springer London, Limited, 1970; Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann, Ernest A. Menze, Anchor Atlas of World History, Vol. [20] Filimoshin estimated that civilian forced laborer deaths in Germany totaled 2.1million. [70] However, according to Krivosheev the Germans claimed to have captured up to 5.750 million POWs, he maintains that the figures in Nazi propaganda included civilians and military reservists that were caught up in the German encirclement's. The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives. 1-Summary Report (July 1946) Total civilian casualties in Japan, as a result of 9 months of air attack, including those from the atomic bombs, were approximately 806,000. According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Japanese war dead (193745) totaled 3.1million persons including 2.3million soldiers and Army/Navy civilian employees, 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 civilians living outside of Japan. Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 (61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured (609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces). Krivosheev lists the detailed losses for each of the 54 Army fronts and Naval fleets (not including border and security troops). Reported deaths for the years 19391945 1,187,783, including: judicial executions 46,350; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629. In 2006, Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in, A 2005 report by the German government search service put the death toll at 2,251,500, they did not provide details of the figure. Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians. Third Axis Fourth Ally. Liudskie poteri v Velikoi Otechestvennoi voine 19411945 gg: Statisticheskoe issledovanie (Human Losses in the Great Patriotic War 19411945 A Statistical Investigation). POW deaths 4,000. American military dead#^BF1, The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows [107], (B) According to a Belarusian military historian, Doctor of History, professor V. Lemeshonok, the Belarusian military casualties, including partisans and underground group members, exceed 682,291. According to U.S. War Department figures, 18,745 American civilians were interned in the war (13,996 in the Far East and 4,749 in Europe). [261], Deported to special settlements: (figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only, not including those executed, sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army. The, Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War:a note World War II . [600] The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims. The remaining 3,300,000 (57.5 percent of the total) had perished.". The brutal treatment of Soviet POWs by the Germans violated every standard of warfare. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. 014The deaths of 2.8million children was due primarily to famine and disease caused by the war. [47] According to declassified documents from the Soviet archives 960,039 surviving Soviet military POW were turned over to the Soviet authorities by the Western powers and 865,735 were released by the Soviet forces in territory they occupied.[48]. A Soviet officer raising his unit for an attack. [479]. Bonin Islands: 2,700, 12,500, (15,200) In 1948 and 1949, Western allies flew vital supplies into West Berlin during the monthslong Soviet blockade of the city. Deaths due to air and V-rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard. About 4,200,000 Germans died, and about 1,972,000 Japanese died. Wars and Population. other and unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). Bevlkerungsbilanzen fr die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958. The Soviet Role in World War II: Realities and Myths The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Annual Report 20142015[63] is the source of the military dead for the British Empire. The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution at 300,000 (including 170,000 German Jews). On 17 September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, 16 days after Nazi Germany invaded Poland from the west. Births and natural deaths during war are rough estimates since vital statistics were inaccurate. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum[238]. Universe, Inc. (July 13, 2005). by Konrad Adenauer. Population pyramid before and after the Second World War (ADK), World War II casualties of the Soviet Union, Demographic studies of the population losses, Alternative sources of demographic losses, Estimates of losses by individual Republics, Estimated losses for each Soviet Republic, Summary of the estimates and their sources. World War II Casualties by Country - World Population Review Lennart Lundberg Handelsflottan under andra vrldskriget, p. 9. [109], (F) Armenians estimate their military casualties at over 300,000. Out of the 50,000 people who used to live there before the war, only about 300 survived. Estonia's human losses due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 67,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression. 1. Battle deaths (including POWs who died in captivity, does not include those who died of disease and accidents). The West German government did not list euthanasia victims along with the war dead. Military deaths 6,750 which included 3,900 regular Army, 2,600 Navy forces, and 250 POW in Germany. Hungarian Jewish losses of 569,000 presented here include the territories annexed in 193941. Presse- und Informationsamt. [3] These losses are a demographic estimate rather than an exact accounting. The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment. Treaty of Versailles. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2.2million by the West German government in 1958. The Soviet Union and China are believed to have suffered the most total casualties, while an estimated 5,800,000 Poles died, which represents about 20 percent of Poland's prewar population. [149] One of the worst one-day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre. Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces, Estimated total Soviet military war dead in 194145 on the. Detailed by country: Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000. Korol held that the official figures of Krivosheev were an attempt to cover up the disregard for human life by the military leaders under Stalin. After the war ended deaths at the hands of the Red Army and local Chinese population were 185,000 Manchuria, 28,000 in North Korea and 10,000 on Sakhalin and the Kurile islands. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. [256] Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps. Russian sources report 2,164,000 deaths as civilian "forced labor in Germany". Nor do the figures include additional deportations after the war). All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. The German economist. (International Population Statistics Reports series P-90, No. p. 30(500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 overseas, figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare), Ishikida, Miki (2005). Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the. Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings, leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing. However number of expected voters estimated by ADK the gap between males and females was 21.4million, which approximates the 20.7million gap revealed by the 1959 census. ), (1945) The casualty figures compiled by the. While the Nazi Party's own SS forces (in particular the SS-Totenkopfverbnde, Einsatzgruppen and Waffen-SS) of Nazi Germany was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of the Holocaust, the regular armed forces represented by the Wehrmacht committed war crimes of their own, particularly on the Eastern Front in the war against the Soviet Union. [182] The low, high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added. The following notes summarize Soviet casualties, the details are presented in World War II casualties of the Soviet Union. Dyadkin was imprisoned for publishing this study in the west.[140]. The deaths of 2,663,000 women is an indication that they were involved in the partisan war and became victims of Nazi reprisals. pp. Included in the total of 11.444 million irrecoverable losses are 1,100,327 died of wounds in hospital. Under Japanese internment, 992 died and another 544 were listed as "unknown"; under German internment, 168 died and a further 715 were listed as "unknown". Deported during the War 19411945 about 2.3million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including: Soviet Germans 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; Karachays 69,000; Kalmyks 92,000; Chechens and Ingush 479,000; Balkars 37,000; Crimean Tatars 191,014; Meskhetian Turks 91,000; Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000; Poles 30,000. Though the Great Patriotic. Krivosheev's group estimated losses for the early part of the war, because from 1941 to 1942 no surrounded or defeated divisions reported their casualties. The German military plan called for an advance up to a hypothetical line running from the port of Archangel in northern Russia to the port of Astrakhan on the Caspian Sea - the so-called 'A-A line'. About 69,000 died of severe famine in the republic. The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead. Krivosheev's study puts Soviet military dead and missing at 8.7 million and is often cited by historians. : . Einsatzgruppen murder Jewish civilians outside Ivanhorod, Ukraine, 1942. The Auckland War Museum puts the number of World War II dead at 11,671. In the USSR during the Glasnost period under Gorbachev and in post communist Russia the casualties in World War II were re-evaluated and the official figures revised. Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001; ISBN 5-224-01515-4 Table 176", "Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2021-2022 p.36", "The "Debt of Honour Register" from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission", "Service Files of the Second World War War Dead, 19391947", "Seconde Guerre mondiale: tombs sous les bombes "amies", Bundesarchiv Euthanasie im Nationalsozialismus, "Bundeszentrale fr politische Bildung, Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neie", "Bundesamt fr Bevlkerungsschutz und Katastrophenhilfe Hampe: Der zivile Luftschutz im Zweiten Weltkrieg", Zahl der Vertreibungsopfer ist neu zu erforschen Rdiger Overmans Deutschlandfunk. The losses listed here are actual deaths; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead. pp. Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish. [57], S. N. Mikhalev included in his figure irrecoverable losses the deaths of 994,300 Soviet military personnel that were convicted of offences during the course of the war (422,700 sent to penal battalions, 135,000 executed and 436,600 imprisoned)[57], An alternative method is to determine losses from the Russian Military Archives database of individual war dead. Millions also died as a result of other German actions. 1993. Documents from the Soviet archives number the total deaths of prisoners in the. Borneo: 11,300, 6,700, (18,000) During World War II, the German military helped fulfill Nazism's racial, political, and territorial ambitions. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7million (78%) of the 7.3million Jews in German-occupied Europe were Holocaust victims. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. A figure of 20 million was considered official during the Soviet era. For example, German Jewish refugees in France who were deported to the death camps are included with French casualties in the published sources on the Holocaust. [136][137] Sergei Maksudov, a Russian demographer living in the west, estimated Soviet war losses at between 24.5 and 27.4million, including 7.5million military dead. The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000. The Krivosheev study listed 8,668,400 irreplaceable losses (from listed strength): 5,226,800 killed in action, 1,102,800 died of wounds in field hospitals, 555,500 non combat deaths, POW deaths and missing were 4,559,000. Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters. Ursprnge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevlkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevlkerungswissensch: Rdiger Overmans. Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 194445 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2million. A total of 2,419 American civilian internees were listed as dead and missing. Soon after the invasion, mobile killing units began the mass murder of Soviet Jews. Discharged during war of 9,693,000 includes 3,798,200 sent on sick leave; 3,614,600 transferred to work in industry, anti-aircraft defense and armed guards; 1,174,600 sent to NKVD troops and organs; 250,400 transferred to Polish, Czechoslovak and Romanian armies; 436,600 imprisoned; 206,000 discharged; and 212,400 not found after deserting, detached from troop convoy or missing in military districts in the interior. universitet (Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University). Radiation Effects Research Foundation How many people died as a result of the atomic bombings?
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