Eritrea - Wikipedia In January and February, 70 Evangelical and Orthodox Christians and 4 Jehovah's Witnesses were released from custody. The current population of Eritrea is 3,688,265 as of Friday, May 26, 2023, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data. [107], The endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus) was previously found in Eritrea, but is now deemed extirpated from the entire country. In the larger cities, most people dress in Western casual dress such as jeans and shirts. On 28 May 2019, the United States removed Eritrea from the "Counterterror Non-Cooperation List" which also includes Iran, North Korea, Syria, and Venezuela. shofar Judaism has long been practiced in the vicinity of the ancient city of Gonder. Estimates of the Christian share of the population range from 47% and 43%, while estimates of the Muslim share of the population range from 37% to 57%. [21][22], The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. Eritrea Population (2023) - Worldometer Typically the tertiary ones are improved earth roads that occasionally are paved. Eritrea - United States Department of State Following the independence of Eritrea from Ethiopia in 1993, the newly independent Eritrean government appealed to Pope Shenouda III of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria for Eritrean Orthodox autocephaly. The RLS, conducted in 2007 and 2014, surveys more than 35,000 Americans from all 50 states about their religious affiliations, beliefs and practices, and social and political views. The Tigre, who constitute nearly one-third of Eritreas population, speak the other major Eritrean languageTigr. Eritrea's first two Patriarchs were originally Archbishops of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and the first Patriarch, Abune Phillipos did visit Addis Ababa during joint efforts by the two Churches to explore a possible resolution to a border conflict that had broken out between the two countries in 1998. Following the adoption of U.N. It was part of the Coptic Orthodox Church until 1959, and is the only pre-colonial Orthodox church in Sub-Saharan Africa. The environment is a determining factor in the distribution of Eritreas population. Eritrea is home to an abundant amount of big game species. [135] By 2009, the number of political prisoners was in the range of 10,00030,000, there was widespread and systematic torture and extrajudicial killings, with "anyone" for "any or no reason", including children eight years old, people more than 80 years old, and ill people, being liable to be arrested, and Eritrea was "one of the world's most totalitarian and human rights-abusing regimes". The group consists of ordinary citizens and some people close to the government. Traditional Eritrean attire is quite varied among the ethnic groups of Eritrea. [128] The next day, they signed a joint declaration that formally ended the EritreanEthiopian border conflict. In 1939, there were approximately 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens. Cycling has a long tradition in Eritrea and was first introduced during the colonial period.[219][220]. The northeastern and eastern parts of Eritrea have an extensive coastline along the Red Sea. The people of the mainland, the Mycenaeans, were Greek-speaking. Religion of Eritrea - Encyclopedia Britannica The Italians designed more than 400 buildings in a construction boom that was only halted by Italy's involvement in WW2. [68][74][75][76][77][excessive citations]. Islam is the state religion in the country and Islamic sharia governs the country's legal system. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The most significant of these projects was the construction of a coastal highway of more than 500km connecting Massawa with Asseb, as well as the rehabilitation of the Eritrean Railway. The Tigray make up about half the countrys total population. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was granted autocephaly by Pope Joseph II of Alexandria, head of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria in 1950. In 1962, Emperor Haile Selassie unilaterally dissolved the Eritrean parliament and annexed the territory. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. The Community Court's standing on women in the legal profession is unclear, but elected women judges have reserved seat. Pope Shenouda III presided at the ceremony in Asmara, together with the Holy Synod of the Eritrean Orthodox Church and a Coptic Orthodox Church delegation. [129][130], According to the NYU School of Law, the Legal Committee of the Ministry of Justice oversees the admission and requirements to practice law in Eritrea. Based on variations in temperature, Eritrea can be broadly divided into three major climate zones: the temperate zone, subtropical climate zone, and tropical climate zone. [115][143][144], In an attempt at reform, Eritrean government officials and NGO representatives in 2006 participated in many public meetings and dialogues. The most recent round of local government elections were held in 2010 and 2011. [188] Jehovah's Witnesses were stripped of their citizenship and basic civil rights by presidential decree in October 1994. [159] [54] It existed from approximately 100940 AD, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period around the fourth century BC to achieve prominence by the first century AD. One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony. [140] The Eritrean Foreign Ministry responded by describing the commission's report as being "wild allegations" that were "totally unfounded and devoid of all merit". Religious Demography Section II. Many believe that Abune Antonios was wrongly deposed and still consider him Patriarch. The Kurds and Turkmen are predominantly Sunni Muslims, but Iran's Arabs are both Sunni and Shii. Eritrea ( / rtri., - tre -/ ( listen) ), [13] [14] [15] officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara. After il Duce declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the just-conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. June 2, 2022 Download [125 KB] Translations In this section / Executive Summary Executive Summary Section I. After 1998, revenues from tourism fell to one quarter of 1997 levels. There are no reliable figures on religious affiliation. However, the number of adherents of each faith is subject to debate. In 2006, Eritrea announced that it would become the first country in the world to turn its entire coast into an environmentally protected zone. The realm developed irrigation schemes, used plows, grew millet, and made iron tools and weapons. In a letter dated 2006-01-13 Patriarch Abune Antonios was informed that following several sessions of the church's Holy Synod, he had been formally deposed. They occupied all of northeastern present-day Eritrea for the next two decades, an area which stretched from Massawa to Swakin in Sudan. Encouraged by the steady expansion of cultivation, soil erosion on the plateau has left few wooded areas. The 1,347km (837mi) coastline, along with another 1,946km (1,209mi) of coast around its more than 350 islands, will come under governmental protection. Although the plateau represents only one-fourth of the total land area, it is home to approximately one-half of the population, most of them sedentary agriculturalists. Tigr and Tigrinya are written in the same script and are both related to the ancient Semitic Geez language, but they are mutually unintelligible. The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. [202] Coffee (Ge'ez bn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. There are also a few curious architects visiting the country. [88] In the United Nations, the debate over the fate of the former Italian colonies continued. Among these communities, the Tigrinyas make up about 55% of the population, with the Tigre people constituting around 30% of inhabitants. Eritrea has several species of mammals and a rich avifauna of 560 species of birds.[103]. Geologically, the plateau consists of a foundation of crystalline rock (e.g., granite, gneiss, and mica schist) that is overlain by sedimentary rock (limestone and sandstone) and capped by basalt (rock of volcanic origin). The University of Asmara is the oldest university in the country and was opened in 1958. Eritrea: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report | Freedom House Eritrea is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-religion country. Ofcansky, TP Berry, L (2004) Ethiopia, a country study, Kessinger Publishing, p. 69, The Italian Ambassador stated at the 2008 Film Festival in Asmara, national legislative and presidential elections, Eritrean government's human rights record, Intergovernmental Authority on Development, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Criminal Police Organization, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa, United Nations General Assembly resolution, European Parliament Subcommittee on Human Rights, African Continental Cycling Championships, "Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea", "Making peace with 'Africa's North Korea', "The brutal dictatorship the world keeps ignoring", "EASO Country of Origin Information Report: Eritrea Country Focus", "National Unity: Eritrea's core value for peace and stability", "Eritrea: A dictatorship in which the media have no rights", The Constitution of Eritrea (eritrean-embassy.se), "Baboon mummy analysis reveals Eritrea and Ethiopia as location of land of Punt", "Mummified baboons clarify ancient Red Sea trade routes", "The 'Ona' culture of greater Asmara: archaeology's liberation of Eritrea's ancient history from colonial paradigms", "Uma fora Expedicionria Portuguesa na Campanha da Etipia de 1541-1543", Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa, "Eritrea: Report of the United Nations Commission for Eritrea; Report of the Interim Committee of the General Assembly on the Report of the United Nations Commission for Eritrea", "US Says Eritrean Forces Should Leave Tigray Immediately", "EU Accuses Eritrean Forces of Fueling Conflict in Ethiopia", "Massacre by Eritrean troops in Ethiopia's Tigray region may constitute crime against humanity, Amnesty says", "Admission of Eritrea to membership in the United Nations", "Eritrea heavily involved in Tigray conflict, say eyewitnesses", "Eritrea confirms its troops are fighting in Ethiopia's Tigray", "Birdwatching in Eritrea Birding in Eritrea Homepage", "Climate adaptation bill for African countries to dwarf health spending", "US Removing Eritrea from Counterterror Non-Cooperation List", "1st US Congressional Delegation in 14 Years Visits Eritrea", "The U.N. approves a resolution demanding that Russia end the invasion of Ukraine", Ethiopian raid on Eritrean bases raises fears of renewed conflict, "Ethiopian Prime Minster tries to undermine the arrest of 20 journalists in the country", "Why are Ethiopian leaders calling Eritrea's president 'Hitler'? They had considerable success among the small Kunama group, and they also attracted a few townspeople with the offer of modern education. On the southern part of the coastal region live Afar nomads. [3] According to the Barnabas Fund, in April 2010 a 28-year-old student died after she was held in a metal shipping container for 2 years, after being arrested for attending a Protestant Bible study. In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Eritrea, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region. According to the Ministry of Education, the institution was established, as one of many efforts to achieve equal distribution of higher learning in areas outside the capital city, Asmara. The Kingdom of Aksum, covering much of modern-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, was established during the first or second century AD. Horn of Africa | Countries, Map, & Facts | Britannica [citation needed]. This requirement was implemented after Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia, as a means to protect Eritrea's sovereignty, to instill national pride, and to create a disciplined populace. ", "UN Report on Eritrea's Human Rights Violations", "Eritrea: Diplomacy Changes, but Political Prisoners Remain", "Eritrea: 20 Years and Counting The Exceptional Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses", "International Religious Freedom Report, 2017", "Progress in health in Eritrea: Cost-effective inter-sectoral interventions and a long-term perspective", "IRIN Africa | ERITREA: Government outlaws female genital mutilation | Human Rights", "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) and youth total (% of people ages 1524)", "World Development Indicators | DataBank", "Mild Frontier: the differences between Eritrean and Ethiopian cuisines come down to more than spice", "Eritrea's picturesque capital is now a World Heritage site and could help bring it in from the cold", "Eritrea capital, Asmara, makes UNESCO World Heritage list | Africanews", "Eritrea's capital added to UNESCO World Heritage site list | DW | 08.07.2017", "Exploring Eritrea's UNESCO certified Art-Deco wonderland", "Asmara useful for experimenting with radical designs for Europeans", "Cycling is isolated Eritrea's window to the world", "Eritrea and cycling: An unlikely relationship", Eritrean Cycling Team Wins the 2015 African Continental Cycling Championships TTT , 'Next wave of riders is even better' Eritrean cycling preparing to peak, Eritrean national teams rank first at the African Cycling Championship time race , "African Continental Championships - TTT 2019 | Results", "Country Ranking 2023 - CyclingRanking.com", "Berhane could become the first Eritrean to ride the Tour de France", "Heroes welcome for Daniel Teklehaimanot and Merhawi Kudus in Eritrea", "Eritrea's Daniel Teklehaimanot 1st African to wear the King of the Mountains jersey at the Tour de France", "Mosana Debesay Biography, Olympic Medals, Records and Age", "A dream almost broken - Mosana Debesay on her way to the Olympics", "Watch: History-making cyclist out of Giro d'Italia after firing Prosecco cork into his own eye", "Biniam Girmay becomes first black African to win grand tour stage with historic Giro d'Italia victory", "World Athletics Championships 2015: Eritrean teen Ghirmay Ghebreslassie wins men's marathon title", "Calgary skier headed to Winter Olympics but not with Team Canada", Navigating Differences: Tigrigna vs Tigrinya, "The First Monetary and Banking Experiences in Eritrea", "Response to remarks by Mr. David Triesman, Britain's parliamentary under-secretary of state with responsibility for Africa", EriTV News, Music, Movie and Comedy from Eritrea Television, Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea, Documentary on Women's liberation in Eritrea, Tigrinya online learning with numbers, alphabet and history, History of Eritrea: First recordings Munzinger exploitation by colonialism and fight against colonialism (Italy, England, Ethiopia, Soviet Union, USA, Israel) independence, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eritrea&oldid=1162215039, Middle Junior High School (Years included in basic), Post-secondary Advanced Diploma 3 years, Christine, Owen. [150], In its 2017 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked the media environment in Eritrea at the bottom of a list of 180 countries. At least four religions are officially recognised by the state: Islam, of the Sunni rite . Current service is very limited due to the extreme age of most of the railway equipment and its limited availability. In 1995, two new eparchies, Barentu and Keren, were established in Eritrea, and the Latin Church apostolic vicariate was abolished. The nation has a total area of approximately 117,600km2 (45,406sqmi), and includes the Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands. [174], In addition, there exist Italian Eritrean (concentrated in Asmara) and Ethiopian Tigrayan communities. Enforced regulations have helped in steadily increasing their numbers throughout Eritrea. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom Legal Framework Government Practices Section III. Many people have fled the country under the increasingly repressive regime of Pres. Agriculture Agriculture is by far the most important sector of the country's economy, providing a livelihood for about four-fifths of the population and accounting for a large portion of Eritrea's exports. Religious Freedom Conditions in Eritrea | USCIRF [165] Eritrea's main agricultural products include sorghum, millet, barley, wheat, legumes, vegetables, fruits, sesame, linseed, cattle, sheep, goats, and camels. Eritrea was chosen by the Italian government to be the industrial center of Italian East Africa. Prior to Eritreas secession from Ethiopia in 1993, about half the population of Eritrea belonged to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, including nearly all the Tigrinya. [23] In medieval times much of Eritrea fell under the Medri Bahri kingdom, with a smaller region being part of Hamasien. Today, the term refers to all Evangelical Protestant denominations and organisations in Ethiopian and Eritrean societies. The diversity in landscape and topography in the highlands and lowlands of Eritrea result in the diversity of climate across the country. Religion in Eritrea - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia In a written response that was widely published the Patriarch rejected the grounds of his dismissal, questioned the legitimacy of the synod, and excommunicated two signatories to the 13 January letter, including Yoftahe Dimetros, whom the Patriarch identified as being responsible for the church's recent upheavals. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy. During the coffee ceremony, there are traditions that are upheld. Status of Societal Respect for Religious Freedom Section IV. Since May 2002, the Eritrean government has officially recognized the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the Eritrean Catholic Church, the Evangelical Lutheran church, and Islam. World Report 2020: Eritrea | Human Rights Watch [191] The National Malaria Protection Unit of the Ministry of Health registered reductions in malarial mortality by as much as 85% and in the number of cases by 92% between 1998 and 2006. Eritrea may be split into three ecoregions. In 2013, the pickup in growth had been attributed to the commencement of full operations in the gold and silver Bisha Mine by Canadian Nevsun Resources, the production of cement from the cement factory in Massawa,[160] and investment in Eritrea's copper, zinc, and Colluli potash mining operations by Australian[161] and Chinese[162] mining companies. Protestant Christians Thanks to the lack of religious freedom in Eritrea, Protestant Christians are only 2% of the country population. The Evangelical Lutheran Church is the only recognised Protestant Church. [158] After independence, a rebuilding effort commenced, and the first rebuilt section was reopened in 2003. Originally located in the village of Ham, it was moved to an inaccessible location on the edge of a cliff below the Ham plateau. The highlands have temperate climate throughout the year. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation. Accordingly, several similar colleges are also established in different other parts of the country. [230] In 2015, Teklehaimanot won the King of the Mountains classification in the Critrium du Dauphin. Thus, while Islam claims nearly all the pastoralists, Christianity is dominant among the cultivators. [31] It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was a major site in terms of human evolution and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans. [68][72][73], In 1734, the Afar leader Kedafu, established the Mudaito Dynasty in Ethiopia, which later also came to include the southern Denkel lowlands of Eritrea, thus incorporating the southern Denkel lowlands to the Sultanate of Aussa. Author of. At that time Eritrea was regarded as a province of Ethiopia, so the Coptic Church in Eritrea was simply a division of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. It is bordered by Ethiopia in the south, Sudan in the west, and Djibouti in the southeast. These included art deco masterpieces like the worldwide famous Fiat Tagliero Building and the Cinema Impero[86], Through the 1941 Battle of Keren, the British expelled the Italians and took over the administration of the country.[87]. [121], Disagreements following the war have resulted in stalemate punctuated by periods of elevated tension and renewed threats of war. As a rule, pastoralists follow various patterns of movement set by the seasons. Eritrean Christians are primarily followers of Oriental Orthodoxy, with a much smaller segment are members of the Catholic Church, and less than one percent of the population following P'ent'ay Evangelicalism. After the defeat of the Italian colonial army in 1942, Eritrea was administered by the British Military Administration until 1952. Eritrea as a country and the Eritrean community are multi-religious; Eritrea has two dominant religions: Christianity and Islam, with most estimates placing the Christian share of the population at approximately 60%. "Navigating difference between. Settlement patterns Ethiopia: Urban-rural Eritrea | Facts & Information | Infoplease [184], The 15th century Sheikh Hanafi Mosque in Massawa, Church of Our Lady of the Rosary in the capital Asmara, The Eritrean government is against what it deems as "reformed" or "radical" versions of its established religions. Tourism in Eritrea made up 2% of Eritrea's economy up to 1997. [133][134], Since Eritrea's conflict with Ethiopia in 19982001, the nation's human rights record has been criticized at the United Nations. Teklehaimanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus became the first black cyclists from Africa to compete in the Tour de France, when they were selected by the MTNQhubeka team for the 2015 edition of the race. [32], During the last interglacial period, the Red Sea coast of Eritrea was occupied by early anatomically modern humans. According to the Pew Research Center, as of 2010[update], 62.9% of the population of Eritrea adhered to Christianity, 36.6% followed Islam, and 0.4% practiced traditional African religions. Those ports promised access to the gold, coffee, and slaves sold by traders in the Ethiopian highlands to the south, and, in the second half of the 20th century, Ethiopia became the power from which the Eritrean people had to free themselves in order to create their own state. The Ottomans were eventually driven out in the last quarter of the sixteenth century. Eritrea thus became the only country where all Catholics, whatever their personal liturgical rite, belong to an Eastern Catholic jurisdiction. [132], A prominent group of fifteen Eritreans, called the G-15, including three cabinet members, were arrested in September 2001 after publishing an open letter to the government and President Isaias Afewerki calling for democratic dialogue. Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. [92] The EPLF seized power, established a one-party state along nationalist lines and banned further political activity. Local or regional elections have not been held since 20032004. The People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ), headed by President Isaias Afwerki, is the sole political aparty. It's frequently criticised by the West for its human rights record, but is geopolitically important for China. A Tigrigna traditional dance. Significant trade partners include China, India, and Saudi Arabia. Life expectancy is higher for women than men, and the average for both is in the mid-60s, lower than the global average. Officially, conscripts, male and female, must serve for 18 months minimum, which includes six months of military training and 12 months during the regular school year to complete their last year of high school. View history Tools Roman Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Rosary in Asmara Eritrea as a country and the Eritrean community are multi-religious; Eritrea has two dominant religions: Christianity and Islam, with most estimates placing the Christian share of the population at approximately 60%. Eritreas coastal location has long been important in its history and culturea fact reflected in its name, which is an Italianized version of Mare Erythraeum, Latin for Red Sea. The Red Sea was the route by which Christianity and Islam reached the area, and it was an important trade route that such powers as Turkey, Egypt, and Italy hoped to dominate by seizing control of ports on the Eritrean coast. His subsequent victory over his rival kings and enthronement as Emperor MenelekII (r.18891913) made the treaty formally binding upon the entire territory.[80]. [179], Most of the languages spoken in Eritrea belong to the Ethiopian Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic family. Major Ethnic Groups Of Eritrea - WorldAtlas Additionally, owing to its colonial history, cuisine in Eritrea features more Italian influences than are present in Ethiopian cooking, including more pasta and greater use of curry powders and cumin. This Ona urban culture is believed to have been among the oldest pastoral and agricultural communities in East Africa. They speak the Kunama language. [218] Other prominent local musicians include the Kunama singer Dehab Faytinga, Ruth Abraha, Bereket Mengisteab, the late Yemane Ghebremichael and the late Abraham Afewerki. Only a few of these islands have a permanent population. Nine different languages are spoken by the nine recognised ethnic groups, the most widely spoken language being Tigrinya, the others being Tigre, Saho, Kunama, Nara, Afar, Beja, Bilen and Arabic. Eritrean climate varies on the basis of seasonal and altitudinal differences. [60], The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. They also occupy the adjacent Ethiopian region of Tigray. Learning hours at school are often fewer than six hours per day. The national cycling teams of both men and women are ranked first on the African continent,[221] with the men's team ranked 16th in the world as of February 2023. The majority of the Tigrinya inhabit the highlands of Eritrea; however, migration to other parts of the country has occurred. [194] Maternal mortality dropped by more than half from 1995 to 2002, but is still high. They occupy the territories between Gash River and Barentu. Her remains have been dated to 1 million years old. Eritrea's team was represented by their flagbearer Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda who competed as alpine skier. Debre Libanos, the second oldest monastery, was said to have been founded in the late fifth or early sixth century. Eritreas mens national cycling team, ranked 15th in the world rankings (2023), "Today, 23 May 1997, on this historic date, after active popular participation, approve and solemnly ratify, through the Constituent Assembly, this Constitution as the fundamental law of our Sovereign and Independent State of Eritrea. The cooler, more fertile highlands, reaching up to 3,000 m, have a different habitat. In Muslim communities in the Eritrean lowland, the women traditionally dress in brightly colored clothes. In 2009, a movement called Citizens for Democratic Rights in Eritrea formed to create dialogue between the government and political opposition. As the report by the United Nations Human Rights Council explained: "No national elections have taken place since that time, and no presidential elections have ever taken place. Principal imports include food, machinery, road vehicles, and chemicals and chemical products. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully constructed of asphalt (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major cities and towns in Eritrea. [21][22] It adopted Christianity around the middle of the fourth century. 70% of the Eritrean workforce is employed in agriculture,[164] accounting for roughly one-third of the economy. The UN estimates a population of approximately 3.5 million. U.S. Government Policy and Engagement Small-scale cultivation and traditional pastoralism are the main forms of agricultural activity. 18 April Eritrea won independence from Ethiopia in 1993 after a 30-year war, but has been plagued by repression at home and tense relations with its neighbours. According to the medieval Liber Axumae (Book of Aksum), Aksum's first capital, Mazaber, was built by Itiyopis, son of Cush.
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