In Genesis 10 the peoples who descend from Noah through his grandsons Sidon and Het (Heth) are said to be the original inhabitants. Their commercial empire would last for nearly a millennium. Artifacts from the region have been found as far away as Britain and as close as Egypt and it is clear that Phoenician luxury goods were highly prized by the cultures with whom they traded. most of the population to Islam, the cultures of the various peoples Lebanonwire, Eliya Saleebi: "Father 15501070 B.C. They used their strategic position at the crossroads of eastern and western cultures to build a trading empire that extended from the Fertile Crescent in the east, through the islands of the Mediterranean Sea, and as far west as the Iberian Peninsula and the Atlantic Ocean. Further, an essay includes similarities with Maltese, the language of Malta, and identifies similarity with Lebanese. Actually, it leads to nowhere. to nomadism. Before the Greeks and Romans, the Phoenicians ruled the Mediterranean. Key People: Wilhelm Gesenius Related Topics: extinct language Punic language See all related content Phoenician language, Semitic language of the Northwestern group, spoken in ancient times on the coast of the Levant in Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, and neighbouring towns and in other areas of the Mediterranean colonized by Phoenicians. Phoenician GlasswareRemi Mathis (CC BY-SA). The fact that there is no Arab Church with specific cultural identifiers such as Arab style church buildings, Arab vestments, Arab iconology or traditions is a proof that this so-called church never existed in the same sense like the others. Political 14 27 Jun 2023. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. CPA has its own distinctive semi cursive script, which looks like an Estrangela written with much squarer letters.". is very much alive and well whether in Seattle, Washington, USA; Sydney, One of the most debated questions in the study of the ancient world is whether or not the Carthaginians practiced human sacrificemore specifically, the sacrifice of infants. these places). statement claims that AAI is a membership organization based in Washington, DC that represents the In the time They were ruled by chiefs who maintained mound-city shrines throughout the land of Canaan. In addition, the AAI mission There are no Arabic versions of the Bible previous to Islam, a fact which proves irrefragably that in its primitive period Christianity had secured no footing at all among the Arabs. National Geographic History: Purple Reign: A passion for purple built the Phoenicians' vast trading empire, The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies. This applies to most of the Shipbuilding seems to have been perfected at Byblos where the design of the curved hull was first initiated. it seems quite natural that their name would spread with them. The problem with the Muslim community is the fact that a rare genetic trail showing the movement of two major religions into Lebanon, Arabs, for there are some organizations which do not support his political and ideological views. For the most part, the great military powers preferred to leave the Phoenicians to their trade but that did not mean there was no envy on the part of their neighbors. Catholic churches, Maronites. Among those who returned are what seemed to most people to be Ghassanides who were Yemeni Christians but they were not Arab. More than you could have ever imagined. As for the name Phoenicia, it comes from the Greek Phoinike, which shares roots with the word phoenixa term that to the ancient Greeks connoted blood-red or purple. Princeton University Press 360pp 27 Helena Cobban's commentary published as is. The full translation of the Bible into Arabic did not come about until nearly 150 years ago. Taking readers from the ancient world to today, this monumental book argues that the notion of these sailors as a coherent people with a shared identity, history, and culture is a product of modern nationalist ideologiesand a notion very . Between about 1200 and 1050 B.C.E., they retained control of a greatly reduced areathe narrow coastal strip of Lebanon between Arwad, Tyre and Akko. above. Black Africa is the origin of all Semitic tongues, and even today, there still exists many ethnic groups in Africa with semitic roots. See also Lebanon: Phoenicia. These results provide information that can be used for future anthropological studies and also in the analysis of disease susceptibility and organ transplantation.". : The Phoenicians were the late Canaanites of the first millennium B.C.E. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. the God Almighty keep for many years, his beatitude and According to them, "around 3 million Americans descending from Lebanese origin live in the United States. Middle Racial purity is very rare except for distant tribes in secluded parts of the world. Toward the end of the 11th century B.C.E., they began establishing colonies in the westin Cyprus, Sicily, Sardinia, Malta, southern Spain and northern Africa. Where was Phoenicia? This study suggests the presence of an average of four main groups in the said population: What is the reason for these conclusions? Phrygia, Gordion, and King Midas in the Late Eighth Century B.C. He studied at the University of Quaraouiyine and wrote A-arf al-Idrs. Web. should be specific and clear. Rather, the homeland of the Phoenicians was a coastal strip centered on what is today Lebanon, a chain of city-states dominated by Tyre and Sidon. It can be best described as cynical and malicious with implied rudeness, condescension and outright arrogance, to say the least. Arwad, Byblos, Berytus, Sidon and Tyre became the heartland of Phoenicia, but the Phoenicians didnt stop there. It is estimated that over 30,000 citizens of Tyre were massacred or sold into slavery and only those wealthy enough to properly bribe Alexander were allowed to escape with their lives (besides those who found a way to escape by stealth). Photo: Jerzy Strzelecki/CC-by-SA-3.0. This group does not speak for most immigrants such as So, to answer your question It also mentions that the embroidered robes of Priams wife, Hecabe, were the work of Sidonian women (Book 6). The Phoenicians, in fact, have been called the `ancient middlemen' of culture by many scholars and historians because of their role in cultural transference. Carthage became the chief maritime and commercial power in the western Mediterranean. However, it is clear that the Israelites were related to these Canaanite clans. The relationship that Phoenicio-centrism has with pan-Syrianism is much more complex and theoretically interesting than the more purely conflictual relationship it has with pan-Arabism, since pan-Syrianists also frequently make a claim to being descendants of the Phoenicians; and their claim is prima facie just as plausible as that of the Lebanese exceptionalists. This information was provided by kind courtesy of Mr. Ziad Salim Yazbek. sources and bibliography (Please don't write and ask me for references. Ahab and Jezebel's rule was ended by a coup, inspired by Elijah, in which the general Jehu took control of the army and usurped the throne. Taking readers from the ancient world to today, this monumental book argues that the notion of these sailors as a coherent people with a shared identity, history, and culture is a product of modern nationalist ideologiesand a notion very . And we know only too well that the Arabs of the times of the Prophet were not numerous at all. Most of the Lebanese Americans came from the early waves of Lebanese Christians fleeing the Ottomans oppression around the mid of the 19th Century and during WWI. in southern Arabia, where it is clearly used for Bedouin. And it will become even worse, because in the case of most of these dysfunctional, anachronistic and at times tyrannical regimes one does not only face a case of missing knowledge (as is the case in Africa) but also meets provocative and flagrant misinformation and disinformation. The Samaria IvoriesPhoenician or Israelite? (performed about the various peoples and churches mentioned herewith, please refer The American Free Copts Community, miles was The book is divided into three parts. These new trade routes took in much of the eastern Mediterranean, including Cyprus, Rhodes, the Cyclades, mainland Greece, Crete, the Libyan coast, and Egypt. Simply put the Lebanese are very similar to the Greeks and Italians, HLA phenotype polymorphism in the Lebanese population. In fact, the Byzantine (Orthodox) Church continued to have Greek Patriarchs of Antioch and Greek Bishops in most of diocese until the late 1800's. links about Phoenicia and the Forgotten Christians of the East" (Related Links About Phoenicia), Tabula Rogeriana or Idrisi's World Map (High Resolution -- Upside Down) -- 19 MB. Herewith is a world map by the famous Moroccan cartographer or geographer called Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi* (1099-1165 AD) al-Qurtubi al-Hasani as Sabti who lived in Palermo, Sicily. Most Christians of Lebanon come from basically the following: Canaanite Phoenician and mixture of the blood of invaders such as Babylonians, Persians, Greek, Roman, Byzantine. The All-Access membership pass is the way to get to know the Bible through biblical archaeology. He notes too that over time, claims of affiliation with Phoenicianism became effectively voided of their earlier anti 'Arab' content but instead came to be raised by many or most Lebanese in the context of a broad, very syncretic view of their general civilisational affiliation. Metropolitan Archbishop of Homs (Emsa) and all of Phoenicia Libanesis. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. 16 But a closer look at the Y chromosomes of 926 Lebanese men as the ancestor of the Hebrews, Arabs and Aramaeans -- the speakers of https://www.worldhistory.org/phoenicia/. righteous and their Phoenician origin such as those of the Christian sects) -- see " Converts to Christianity They are closely related to Jews and to those Palestinians who were living in the land when the Zionists began to settle it. Sidon was the birthplace of the princess Jezebel who was married to the King of Israel, Ahab, as chronicled in the biblical books of I and II Kings. Geographic Society owns National Geographic News.). It is offensive to refer to those who come from non-Arab origin in the Middle East of as Arab Americans. Muslim population may have come to the Christian community but in very 4 The name Phoenician, used to describe these people in the first millennium B.C., is a Greek invention, from the word phoinix, possibly signifying the color purple-red and perhaps an allusion to their production of a highly prized purple dye. Demand for Tyrian Purple, a dye made from shell of the Murex sea . The Christian east was defended by an army of 30,000 men of Ghassanides and Byzantines when the Arabs invaded in the 7th century. Free Muslims, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Alexander found this proposal unacceptable and sent envoys to Tyre demanding their surrender. The Lebanese Global Information Center (LGIC) does a superlative job of documenting information about Lebanese immigrants especially in the USA, though millions more of Lebanese who emigrated to Australia, Canada, Latin America and Africa are not mentioned herewith. Asher Kaufman's Reviving Phoenicia: the Search for Identity in Lebanon. Because I did learn from him, he proved what Cato the Elder said: "Wise men learn more from fools than fools from the wise." 10 can be very easily written about Israel and Zionism where the accusations he makes happened within living memory in the Jewish state? 1200500 B.C.) 1 God keep for many years." After the fall of Tyre, the other city-states followed Sidon's example and surrendered to Alexander's rule, thus ending the Phoenician Civilization and ushering in the Hellenistic Age. One of the primary sources of information available about Phoenician culture comes from Herodotus, a Greek scholar considered one of the worlds first historians. Important Note: The designation of who is Arab was made by Ibn Khaldon in the 14th century A.D. The Phoenicians commercial empire stretched across the Mediterranean world. Their major cities were Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, and Arwad. The Amarna Letters, addressed to the Egyptian court in the 15th century bce by Phoenician and other rulers in their vicinity, make reference to Canaan (Akkadian: Kinahna and Kinahhi), a region roughly corresponding to Phoenicia.. t should be emphasised that in ancient Greek literature, including Homer, despite the use of the term Phoenicians, the term Sidonians is more generally employed. The American Iraqi Christian Community, Global Advocacy, Such communities should be protected But unlike other empires forged by war, this was an empire built on trade. For the first 300 years, the Romans persecuted the Phoenician Christians and they left Phoenicia Maritima and moved to areas like Huran in Syria and other parts. Wells said the lineage was seen enriched to a higher The findings not only confirm well-documented history but also present The Phoenicians did not have a central government. The Phoenician warship carried two sails and coverings on the deck to hide officers. The term Phoenicia is actually a Greek term they used to describe the people from the area. For example, according to the Greek historian Herodotus, Phoenician sailors, at the request of the pharaoh Necho II (r. ca. The documented Muslim and Crusader migrations could have left no genetic impact, but in that case, other undocumented migrations of significant numbers of men from the same source regions must have taken place. Now what historical events would have brought a substantial number2 percentof Y chromosomes in the Christian population in from Western Europe? The competition was particularly keen between the cities of Sidon and Tyre, arguably the most famous of the city-states of Phoenicia who, along with the merchants of Byblos, carried and transmitted the cultural beliefs and societal norms of the nations they traded with to each other. called Gindibu the Aribi during the reign of king Shalmaneser III (858-824 the ethnolinguistic 13 of their unique characteristics, traditions and cultures within the accepted Also, the same could be said about the British, the Scots, the French or Italians. Significantly, she also shows that those cities that promoted their supposedly Phoenician heritage did so because they wished to convey a political or cultural message, rather than because they endorsed the concept of a specifically Phoenician ethnicity. Amitabh Avasthi There is very little, What about families that come from Hawran in Syria? In 538 Phoenicia passed under the rule of the Achaemenid Persians. It was to establish the existence between the French and these Lebanese Christians of not only a religious link but also, equally importantly, the link of a shared 'Mediterranean' civilization. Specifically, the Ghassanides (Ghassasina in invaders of Phoenicia NEVER REPLACED the original population even The Phoenicians are primarily remembered as adept sailors and cunning merchants. Director of Public Diplomacy for Middle Eastern and MEPI Affairs at USAID the Honorable Walid Maalouf All these peoples, by accepting Islam, sooner or later, started becoming Arabized (Arabic speakers), but this happened at a linguistic, not at a racial, ethnic level. The prosperity of Phoenician cities such as Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos Tyrian purple (aka Royal purple or Imperial purple) is a dye extracted Phoenician Encyclopedia: A Bequest Unearthed, Phoenicia and the Phoenicians, Punic, Canaanites -- Encyclopedia Phoeniciana, Phoenicians: Sailing Away [ushistory.org], The Phoenicians (1500300 B.C.) The American Maronite Community, By the late eighth century B.C., the Phoenicians, alongside the Greeks, had founded trading posts around the entire Mediterranean and excavations of many of these centers have added significantly to our understanding of Phoenician culture. These Lebanese-Americans, up to five generations, migrated from Lebanon in several waves starting in the 19th century. 1898, 1st vol., p. 135), "The employment of the name Arab for an the complementarity, if not the synonymity, of Islam and Arabism [sic]. the Eastern Churches of the Syriacs, Maronites, Coptic, Assyrian, Armenian, Byzantine, Ethiopian etc. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. got the hymnology as close to the original as I can remember. Several of the aforesaid churches are He is known for his "Tabula Rogeriana" (the map below). professor at the Lebanese American University. Africans by . One problem with the scanty treatment Kaufman gives to the (known) history of the Phoenicians is that it does not really allow him to provide any definition of which particular attributes of 'Phoenicianism' Lebanese people in more recent times have been claiming their own direct connection to. The Phoenicians is a fascinating exploration of this much-mythologized people: their history, artistic heritage, and the scope of their maritime and colonizing activities in the Mediterranean. The Phoenician purple dye, already mentioned above, became the standard adornment of royalty from Mesopotamia, through Egypt, and up through the Roman Empire. The Phoenician alphabet is the basis for most western languages written today and their city of Gebal (called by the Greeks 'Byblos') gave the Bible its name (from the Greek Ta Biblia, the books) as Gebal was the great exporter of papyrus (bublos to the Greeks) which was the paper used in writing in ancient Egypt and Greece. We failed to teach people to actually study history without a sense of rooting for a certain side (non objective reasoning). There is for sure genetic differences between various Christian groups and sects or Muslim groups and sects. It must be noted, One generation later, when let us say Islamic armies were reaching Carthage in today's Tunisia, Central Asia and the Indus valley, the Muslim fighters were speaking Arabic but among them Arabs were already a minority. Neither, in the way that we would understand it today. Progenitor of Wars and Tyrannies: the Falsehood of Pan-Arabism, Lebanese Global Information Center (LGIC), letter to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, NOT put to new faith and remained steadfast in their Christian faith. most preeminent in leadership, Metropolitan of Phoenicia Maritima. The Phoenicians decided to sail very close to shallow water and strand themselves on a reefso that when the Greek followed, they would also be stranded. most revered faith and are now able to identify their culture. Afterward, Antioch became a centre for the Melkite Christians of the East. Zalloua and his colleagues at the National Geographic Society's It is the high frequency of J*(x2) which indicates the substantial Arab ancestry among the Muslims compared to the Christians. Confined to a narrow coastal strip with limited agricultural resources, maritime trade was a natural development. The designation of Phoenician (Greek: Phoinix) is not known to have a reflex native to the Phoenicians. inscription of 853 B.C., commemorating the defeat of a mutinous chieftain, majority come from the original Phoenicians, Click for details on the Rising of the Phoenix, Patriarch According to Genesis 9:20-26, Noahs curse fell upon the Canaanites. In its time Phoenicia was known as Canaan and is the land referenced in the Hebrew Scriptures to which Moses led the Israelites from Egypt and which Joshua then conquered (according to the biblical books of Exodus and Joshua but uncorroborated by other ancient texts and unsupported by the physical evidence thus far excavated). maintained a more authentic Phoenician Maronite and Syriac traditions, During the early Christian Era, the Romans persecuted the Christian communities that sprang quickly along the coastal areas of Lebanon and Syria, having been better exposed to the new faith, as well as all new ideas of the Roman world. The Punic Wars culminated in the Roman destruction of the Punic capital, Carthage, in 146 B.C.E., thereby ending a millennium of Phoenician influence, success and power. Her colleagues at the Recanti Institute have excavated ships that date as early as 400 B.C.E. so sad you have a need to view history thru a racial lens devoid of any factual basis,I bet you think Cleopatra was black as well. Where did they come from?
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