However, current evidence does not show soy products to either promote breast cancer or impair male reproductive hormones (10, 20, 21, 22). Lethaby A., Marjoribanks J., Kronenberg F., Roberts H., Eden J., Brown J. Phytoestrogens for menopausal vasomotor symptoms. In addition, soy alleviates hot flashes and may favorably affect renal function, alleviate depressive symptoms and improve skin health. Baseline selenium status and effects of selenium and vitamin e supplementation on prostate cancer risk. Report on the 8th International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment. Soy and Health Update: Evaluation of the Clinical and Epidemiologic Ozawa M., Ninomiya T., Ohara T., Doi Y., Uchida K., Shirota T., Yonemoto K., Kitazono T., Kiyohara Y. Dietary patterns and risk of dementia in an elderly Japanese population: The Hisayama Study. Here. Borobudur revisited: Soy consumption may be associated with better recall in younger, but not in older, rural Indonesian elderly. // Leaf Group Lifestyle, Benefits of Soy Protein for Breast Growth, The Side Effects of High-Protein Powder in Women, National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine; Soy; July 2010, Frontiers in Bioscience; Phytotherapy as Alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy; MD Molla et al. A litany of health benefits including a lowered risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, breast cancer, and menopausal symptoms, are frequently attributed to phytoestrogens but many are also considered endocrine disruptors, indicating that they have the potential to cause adverse health effects as well. All rights reserved. Food Products: Determination of the Total Nitrogen Content by Combustion According to the Dumas Principle and Calculation of the Crude Protein Content. 1 Adapted from reference [260]; 2 NA, not applicable. In addition to lowering LDL-cholesterol, soy protein also modestly lowers circulating triglyceride levels (~5%) and raises high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels (~1%3%) (Table 3) [123,125]. Unexpectedly, an early epidemiologic study that was designed to study heart disease, raised concern about soy adversely affecting cognition [311], a finding that was supported by more recent research from Indonesia [312]. It contains some unsaturated fat and is free of cholesterol. Claims that the high omega-6 content of soybean oil and other plant oils produce a pro-inflammatory effect are not supported by the clinical evidence [199,200,201,202]. Theyre often used as an ingredient in certain packaged foods like protein bars. Whole soy foods, including soy beans, edamame, tofu, tempeh, and soy milk, contain a variety of phytochemicals and antioxidants that work to protect against heart disease, some cancers, and type 2 diabetes. In a 12-month study, 71 adults with overweight or obesity ate 3 servings of either soy or non-soy protein daily. Adachi J.D., Rizzoli R., Boonen S., Li Z., Meredith M.P., Chesnut C.H., III Vertebral fracture risk reduction with risedronate in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis: A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Part 1: Oilseeds and Animal Feeding Stuffs. (2015) concluded that genistein decreases the chance of ischemic stroke through reduction in ischemic stroke risk factors and ameliorates ischemic stroke induced neuronal damages [193]. Official Method 992.23. Key T.J., Appleby P.N., Travis R.C., Albanes D., Alberg A.J., Barricarte A., Black A., Boeing H., Bueno-de-Mesquita H.B., Chan J.M., et al. Phase II Trial of Isoflavone in prostate specific antigen recurrent prostate cancer after previous local therapy. Weggemans R.M., Trautwein E.A. Mennella J.A., Griffin C.E., Beauchamp G.K. For instance, lysine only occurs in small amounts in most grains and cereals (4). Furthermore, doubling the dose of isoflavones to amounts similar to those used in two of the long-term trials [215,216], actually increased bone calcium content to a much lesser extent than the lower dose [217]. Soy's arginine content will also help to raise NO levels. However, the macronutrient composition of the soybean is different from other legumes. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. Equol production capability is associated with favorable vascular function in postmenopausal women using tibolone; no effect with soy supplementation. Cumulative estrogen exposure, number of menstrual cycles, and Alzheimers risk in a cohort of British women. Flavor programming during infancy. Messina M., Watanabe S., Setchell K.D. In fact, eating soy protein especially whole and minimally processed foods like edamame, tofu, and tempeh may offer numerous benefits for heart health, blood sugar control, weight loss, and even cancer risk and recurrence. Add miso to soups or homemade salad dressings. Glycine soya diet synergistically enhances the suppressive effect of tamoxifen and inhibits tamoxifen-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene-induced rat mammary tumor model. A recently published meta-analysis by Lou et al. This finding provides at least a partial explanation for the inconsistent literature in that some studies included women with impaired endothelial function and others with normal function. A: Soy products are an increasingly popular item found in most local grocery stores. Kwan W., Duncan G., Van Patten C., Liu M., Lim J. Arterial stiffness is determined by components of the artery wall, such as elastin, proteoglycans and smooth muscle cell function. Soy foods fall into a spectrum of minimally to highly processed. Vitamin D 0%. More recently, a six-month study found that 100 mg/day isoflavones did not benefit cognition in older men and women with AD [320]. Soy protein powder is often used as an ergogenic aid for athletes, to help improve athletic performance and aid in muscle recovery. The estrogen-like effects of isoflavones provided a theoretical basis for concern that soyfoods adversely affect the prognosis of breast cancer patients. (2016) identified five cohort (3 Asian, 2 non-Asian) and three case-control studies that examined the association between soy and CHD [182]. Finally, several mechanisms for the protective effects of early isoflavone exposure have been proposed [242,243,244,245,246]. ER is expressed in prostate epithelial cells and has a role in cellular homeostasis that is anti-proliferative [287], pro-differentiative [288], and pro-apoptotic [289]. Woo J., Lynn H., Lau W.Y., Leung J., Lau E., Wong S.Y., Kwok T. Nutrient intake and psychological health in an elderly Chinese population. Final rule. Many observational studies suggest that a high soy diet protects against cancer risk, outcomes, and even recurrence. Comparative levels of free and conjugated plant estrogens in blood plasma of sheep and cattle fed estrogenic silage. [(accessed on 17 August 2016)]; Hughes G.J., Ryan D.J., Mukherjea R., Schasteen C.S. Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis of 10 observational studies (8 case-control, 2 prospective) found soy intake was inversely associated with endometrial cancer risk with an overall risk estimate (RE) of 0.81 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.91) [434]. Rebholz C.M., Reynolds K., Wofford M.R., Chen J., Kelly T.N., Mei H., Whelton P.K., He J. Shu X.O., Jin F., Dai Q., Wen W., Potter J.D., Kushi L.H., Ruan Z., Gao Y.T., Zheng W. Soyfood intake during adolescence and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. Cobalamin 0%. Morr (1981) estimated that the NCF for different soy proteins using the Factor Method ranged from 6.70 to 6.84 [27]. Furthermore, isoflavones may exert potentially-relevant hormone-independent physiological effects [110]. In agreement, Tang et al. Messina M. Western soy intake is too low to produce health effects. In addition, when soyfoods replace protein-rich foods that are sources of saturated fat, which will likely be the case in Western cultures, because of the change in the fatty acid profile of the diet, LDL-cholesterol and CHD risk will likely be reduced. According to Zhang some women over 40 years of age attempt to manage increased anxiety by consuming starches but neglect protein supplementation . Hodges R.E., Krehl W.A., Stone D.B., Lopez A. Dietary carbohydrates and low cholesterol diets: Effects on serum lipids on man. All you need to do is enjoy a diverse diet, which is good for your health in general. Therefore, additional research is needed before definitive conclusions can be made. Content of raffinose oligosaccharides and sucrose in various plant seeds. Hormonal effects of soy in premenopausal women and men. Effects of a soy-protein beverage on plasma lipoproteins in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Effect of soybean protein on novel cardiovascular disease risk factors: A randomized controlled trial. These trials have produced inconsistent results. 22 Amazing Benefits Of Soy Protein For Health, Skin, And Hair Two case reports describing feminizing effects that allegedly occurred as a result of soyfood consumption have been published [389,390]. This value is well above the value of 0.75 which is the minimum value the FAO recommends should be allowed for nutrient claims to be made for high-quality proteins [21]. In contrast to the benefit of this dose, this eight-week trial found that a very low dose of isoflavones (12.5 mg/day) lacked efficacy. Shepard T.H., Gordon E.P., Kirschvink J.F., McLean C.M. Allred C.D., Allred K.F., Ju Y.H., Goeppinger T.S., Doerge D.R., Helferich W.G. Chan S.G., Murphy P.A., Ho S.C., Kreiger N., Darlington G., So E.K., Chong P.Y. Fermented or unfermented soy foods? An official website of the United States government. St John J.A., Henderson V.W., Hodis H.N., Kono N., McCleary C.A., Franke A.A., Mack W.J. In contrast, of the four large, long-term clinical trials that have been conducted [213,214,215,216], only one trial, which involved osteopenic women, found isoflavones statistically significantly improved BMD [213]. The mechanism(s) by which LDL-cholesterol is lowered has not been definitively identified although some work suggests peptides formed from the digestion of soy protein upregulate hepatic LDL receptors [137,138]. There is disagreement over whether isoflavone form affects total absorption; some studies show that in comparison to the glycoside, aglycone isoflavones are absorbed faster and to a greater extent [74,75,76] whereas other studies show aglycones are absorbed more quickly but total absorption is the same or even less [77,78,79]. Positive effects of soy isoflavone food on survival of breast cancer patients in China. Zhang X., Shu X.O., Gao Y.T., Yang G., Li Q., Li H., Jin F., Zheng W. Soy food consumption is associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease in Chinese women. However, a meta-analysis published in 2012 provides strong support for the efficacy of isoflavones as well as an explanation for the inconsistent data [305]. New research shines a light on the effectiveness of intermittent fasting vs calorie counting for weight loss. You can always opt for non-GMO or organic soy products if you desire. Meyer B.J., Larkin T.A., Owen A.J., Astheimer L.B., Tapsell L.C., Howe P.R. 4 Soy . Evidence indicates soyfoods can be safely consumed by all individuals except those who are allergic to soy protein, which is relatively uncommon in comparison to the number of individuals allergic to many other commonly-consumed foods [436,437,438]. Soy is used for high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, symptoms of menopause, and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Lipoprotein changes and reduction in the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Miyanaga N., Akaza H., Hinotsu S., Fujioka T., Naito S., Namiki M., Takahashi S., Hirao Y., Horie S., Tsukamoto T., et al. Widhalm K., Brazda G., Schneider B., Kohl S. Effect of soy protein diet versus standard low fat, low cholesterol diet on lipid and lipoprotein levels in children with familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia. The lack of effect of isoflavones on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in adolescent boys: A 6-week randomised trial. Soy contains phytates, which are plant compounds often categorized as antinutrients (alongside lectins, oxalates, and tannins). Fox M., Berzuini C., Knapp L.A. It may also promote inflammation and interfere with immune health (25, 26). Guha N., Kwan M.L., Quesenberry C.P., Jr., Weltzien E.K., Castillo A.L., Caan B.J. Soyoligosaccharide increases fecal bifidobacteria counts, short-chain fatty acids, and fecal lipid concentrations in young Korean women. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. Soy protein supplementation reduces clinical indices in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Atteritano M., Mazzaferro S., Bitto A., Cannata M.L., DAnna R., Squadrito F., Macri I., Frisina A., Frisina N., Bagnato G. Genistein effects on quality of life and depression symptoms in osteopenic postmenopausal women: A 2-year randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Soy is a good source of protein, fiber, and an array of important vitamins and minerals. However, these concerns are based primarily on animal studies, whereas the human research supports the safety and benefits of soyfoods. 8600 Rockville Pike Taku K., Melby M.K., Kronenberg F., Kurzer M.S., Messina M. Extracted or synthesized soybean isoflavones reduce menopausal hot flash frequency and severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Doerge D.R., Sheehan D.M. Rogers I.S., Northstone K., Dunger D.B., Cooper A.R., Ness A.R., Emmett P.M. The absorption of calcium and iron from soy is an important consideration because soyfoods often replace foods that are good sources of these minerals. Examination of US puberty-timing data from 1940 to 1994 for secular trends: Panel findings. Before Chavarro J.E., Toth T.L., Sadio S.M., Hauser R. Soy food and isoflavone intake in relation to semen quality parameters among men from an infertility clinic. The PUFA is comprised of the omega-6 essential fatty acid linoleic acid and -linolenic acid, the essential omega-3 fatty acid. This study oversampled for vegetarians so soy intake among a sizeable percentage of the participants was similar to that reported in Japanese studies. Katz Y., Gutierrez-Castrellon P., Gonzalez M.G., Rivas R., Lee B.W., Alarcon P. A comprehensive review of sensitization and allergy to soy-based products. Sathyapalan T., Manuchehri A.M., Thatcher N.J., Rigby A.S., Chapman T., Kilpatrick E.S., Atkin S.L. Meta-analysis of clinical studies evaluating the effects of soy protein on lipid levels. Widely used SERMs include tamoxifen and raloxifene, both of which are used to treat breast cancer, the latter of which is also used for the treatment of osteoporosis [105]. The distribution of estrogen receptor beta is distinct to that of estrogen receptor alpha and the androgen receptor in human skin and the pilosebaceous unit. Mennella J.A., Beauchamp G.K. Fanti P., Asmis R., Stephenson T.J., Sawaya B.P., Franke A.A. Kang X., Jin S., Zhang Q. Antitumor and antiangiogenic activity of soy phytoestrogen on 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene-induced mammary tumors following ovariectomy in Sprague-Dawley rats. Therefore, more mderate doses of isoflavones (50100 mg/day) may prove to be more efficacious for promoting bone health than more pharmacologic doses. Health Benefits of Soy For PCOS - Verywell Health Lee S.A., Shu X.O., Li H., Yang G., Cai H., Wen W., Ji B.T., Gao J., Gao Y.T., Zheng W. Adolescent and adult soy food intake and breast cancer risk: Results from the Shanghai Womens Health Study. When adding soy to the diet it is important to consider the overall nutritional quality of a particular soyfood since many Westernized soyfoods include a variety of non-soy ingredients. However, in recent years some have suggested that for soy protein a NCF of 5.71 should be used rather than 6.25 [24]. Ju Y.H., Doerge D.R., Woodling K.A., Hartman J.A., Kwak J., Helferich W.G. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: The Harvard study of moods and cycles. Soy proteins help to control blood sugar and reduce body weight. Plus, while more research is needed, one meta-analysis of 12 studies associated soy food intake before and after a breast cancer diagnosis with a reduced risk of cancer recurrence (13). Some people have concerns about soy, particularly regarding compounds called antinutrients and phytoestrogens. It is also used for many other conditions, but there is no. Chi F., Wu R., Zeng Y.C., Xing R., Liu Y., Xu Z.G. The European Soy and Plant-based Foods Manufacturers Association paid for the costs of publication. According to the authorities, DHA algae oil is produced by fermenting . Surprisingly, despite the presence of both phytate and oxalate, two compounds that inhibit mineral absorption, calcium absorption from soybeans is quite good [51]. Adolescent and adult soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. The DIAAS value for soy protein will likely be somewhat lower than the PDCAAS value, as will be true for most proteins because the ileal digestibility of individual amino acids will be used as the measure of digestibility rather than fecal digestibility of the protein overall, but soy protein will still have a DIAAS of approximately 0.9 [13]. So it is not surprising, especially when considering that many interventions involved small participant numbers and that the effect of soy protein is modest, that not all studies reported soy protein statistically significantly lowered circulating cholesterol levels. Effects of Soy Foods in Postmenopausal Women: A Focus on Depression is a commonly occurring disorder associated with diminished quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality [322,323]. Hirose A., Terauchi M., Akiyoshi M., Owa Y., Kato K., Kubota T. Low-dose isoflavone aglycone alleviates psychological symptoms of menopause in Japanese women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Finally, the prospective epidemiologic data show that post-diagnosis soy intake improves prognosis. More specifically, it has been proposed that replacing animal protein with soy protein leads to a decrease in hyperfiltration and glomerular hypertension, with resultant protection from diabetic nephropathy [291,293]. Benefits Of Soy Protein for Hair 1. Bradbury R.B., White D.R. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. Effects of antidepressants and soybean association in depressive menopausal women. Divi R.L., Doerge D.R. This content does not have an English version. Chang H.C., Churchwell M.I., Delclos K.B., Newbold R.R., Doerge D.R. A specific breeding problem of sheep on subterranean clover pastures in Western Australia. The same 2011 article published in Frontiers in Bioscience reports that soy isoflavones can moderately help improve symptoms such as hot flashes and loss of bone mineral density related to menopause. Exposure to genistein during gestation and lactation demasculinizes the reproductive system in rats. In addition, since most studies have intervened with ISP less is known about the hypocholesterolemic effects of soy protein contained in other soy products such as soy flour [120]. Results from a pilot study. Nitrogen-Ammonia-Protein Modified Kjeldahl Method. Estimates of the worldwide mortality from 25 cancers in 1990. SOY + WOMEN'S HEALTH Overview of Isoflavones Hot Flashes Osteoporosis Heart Health Breast Cancer Skin Health Skin Health Fertility Summary and Conclusions References Soyfoods offer health benefits for all consumers, but studies show that postmenopausal women may reap particular benefits. More importantly, the clinical data show that soy isoflavones, regardless of the source, and even when exposure greatly exceeds Japanese intake, do not exert harmful effects on breast tissue [229,230,231,232,233,234,235,236]. The extent to which the hypocholesterolemic and hypotensive effects of soy protein contribute to the reductions in CHD noted in several of the observational studies is not clear. Is soya bad for women's health? - BBC Future Food sources of energy and nutrients among adults in the US: NHANES 20032006. According to the National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine, the safety of consuming soy isoflavone supplements over a long-term basis is unknown, and some studies indicate an increased risk for endometrial hyperplasia in women, which could lead to cancer. Tai T.Y., Tsai K.S., Tu S.T., Wu J.S., Chang C.I., Chen C.L., Shaw N.S., Peng H.Y., Wang S.Y., Wu C.H. Benfante R. Studies of cardiovascular disease and cause-specific mortality trends in Japanese-American men living in Hawaii and risk factor comparisons with other Japanese populations in the Pacific region: A review. Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression. Soy isoflavones and risk of cancer recurrence in a cohort of breast cancer survivors: The Life After Cancer Epidemiology study. Rizzo N.S., Jaceldo-Siegl K., Sabate J., Fraser G.E. [152] are also supportive of the ability of isoflavones to improve arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women [158,159,160]. A pilot study. Experimental details of prospective epidemiologic studies included evaluating the impact of post-diagnosis soy intake on breast cancer recurrence and survival 1. Technol. 2010 Aug;94(3):997-1007. Effect of soy isoflavones on circulating C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Positive effect of dietary soy in ESRD patients with systemic inflammationCorrelation between blood levels of the soy isoflavones and the acute-phase reactants. One of these is from China (relative risk [RR]) plus 95% CI; 0.25: 0.10, 0.63) [186] and the other is from Japan (RR, 0.55; 95% CI: 0.26, 1.09) [187]. Zhang Q., Feng H., Qluwakemi B., Wang J., Yao S., Cheng G., Xu H., Qiu H., Zhu L., Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: An updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Teede H.J., McGrath B.P., DeSilva L., Cehun M., Fassoulakis A., Nestel P.J. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Comparison of nutritive values between soy protein isolate and tofu. 2020;141 . Not surprisingly, compared to adults, relatively little soy research has involved children. Finkelstein J.S., Brockwell S.E., Mehta V., Greendale G.A., Sowers M.R., Ettinger B., Lo J.C., Johnston J.M., Cauley J.A., Danielson M.E., et al. SPC is most commonly found in: Cereals. Liel Y., Sperber A.D., Shany S. Nonspecific intestinal adsorption of levothyroxine by aluminum hydroxide. Estrogen receptor-beta activated apoptosis in benign hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate is androgen independent and TNFalpha mediated. This matters because high levels of blood fats like LDL and triglycerides are associated with a higher risk of heart disease, stroke, and heart attack (9). Nutrient composition of boiled soybeans and selected legumes per cup (source, reference [11]). Crude ProteinCombustion Method. C-reactive protein, one important indicator of inflammation, is considered to be a risk marker and predictor of CVD [162,163]. The use of a NCF of 6.25 for soy is supported by an international consensus of Codex Standards, National and Regional Government Nutrition Labeling Regulations, and globally recognized standards development organizations, including the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC) [28], the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) [29], the American Association of Cereal Chemists International (AACCI) [30] and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) [31].
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