George State Universities via GALILEO Open Learning Materials. Much of the architecture of the Middle Colonies reflects the diversity of its people. They tended to vote in blocs, and politicians negotiated with group leaders for votes. Its ethnic makeup included the original settlers (a group of rich, slave-owning English settlers from the island of Barbados) and Huguenots, a French-speaking community of Protestants. Click the card to flip 1 / 16 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by nicole2010s Terms in this set (16) These helped to possess and rule the people and lands they came in contact with. The Commission of Trade was set up in 1625 as the first special body convened to advise on colonial (plantation) questions. British merchants offered credit to their customers;[87] this allowed Americans to buy a large amount of British goods. However, the Massachusetts charter had been revoked in 1684, and a new one was issued in 1691 that combined Massachusetts and Plymouth into the Province of Massachusetts Bay. Hundreds of seamen worked as sailors on merchant ships, some of whom were African American. 34. By the eighteenth century, colonial farm families: The seaport cities of colonial America were truly British cities in the eyes of many inhabitants. The average for free whites came in at approximately 16, whereas indentured servants made roughly 9 and slaves 7. There were ethnic differences in the treatment of women. There they built and repaired goods needed by farm families. Virginia and Maryland came to be almost totally dependent on tobacco, which would ultimately prove fatal at the end of the 18th century thanks to exhausted soil and collapsing prices, but for most of the century, the soil remained good and a single-crop economy profitable. From 1696 until the end of the American Revolution, colonial affairs were the responsibility of the Board of Trade in partnership with the relevant secretaries of state,[5][6][7] which changed from the Secretary of State for the Southern Department to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in 1768.[8]. However, large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony, dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany. Leaders such as George Washington strongly endorsed tolerance for them and indeed for all denominations.[131]. Old fields were used as pasture and for crops such as corn and wheat, or allowed to grow into woodlots. [172], The Southern colonies were mainly dominated by the wealthy planters in Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina. The earliest Californians were adventurous Asians who made their way across the Bering Straits to Alaska thousands of years ago when a warmer climate and a now-vanished land bridge made such travel easier. They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new, pure church in the New World. a. Charles II revoked the charters of all colonies that had violated the Navigation Acts. Colonial physicians introduced modern medicine to the cities in the 18th century, following the models in England and Scotland, and made some advances in vaccination, pathology, anatomy, and pharmacology.[119]. The assembly's role was to make all local laws and ordinances, ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of England. The Awakening had little impact on Anglicans and Quakers. After Bacon's Rebellion, the Chesapeake and Southern colonies moved towards using enslaved laborers brought from West Africa. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country.[9]. Britain found a market for their goods in the British colonies of North America, increasing her exports to that region by 360% between 1740 and 1770. American publications never approached the intellectual quality of European writers, but they were much more widespread and achieved a greater readership than anything produced by Voltaire, Locke, or Rousseau. [60], The Dutch colony of New Netherland was taken over by the English and renamed New York. Tobacco, wheat, cotton, and oat crops where necessary and mainly traded to the northern states. By the eighteenth century, colonial farm families: viewed land ownership almost as a right, a precondition of freedom. [94] In addition to the desire for expansion, Europeans also had the resources for external growth. [66], The French and Spanish established colonies in Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. [15] Notable British raids on St. Augustine were James Moore's 1702 raid and James Oglethorpe's 1740 siege. [citation needed] Legally, husbands took control of wives' property when marrying. [174], Historians have paid special attention to the role of women, family, and gender in the colonial South since the social history revolution in the 1970s.[175][176][177]. The Dominion of New England was dissolved and governments resumed under their earlier charters.[59]. [111] There were often "country" and "court" factions, representing those opposed to the governor's agenda and those in favor of it, respectively. South Carolina produced rice and indigo. [178], "Colonial America" redirects here. Instead, the newspaper was the principal form of reading material in the colonies. [154], A majority of New England residents were small farmers. Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade, which also held veto power of legislation. By 1750, nearly 90% of New England's women and almost all of its men could read and write. [28] Also, early in the colonization of Puerto Rico, attempts were made to wrest control of Puerto Rico from Spain. [57], Georgia was established on strict moralistic principles. In 1750, blacks made up about 10 percent of the population of New York and Philadelphia. The plan was thwarted by colonial legislatures and King George II, but it was an early indication that the British colonies of North America were headed towards unification. Chapter 4 Quiz What happened as a result of the Stono Rebellion? [135] While leisure activity for women of the time included playing the clavier, harpsichord, clavichord and the organ. [162] The movement began with Jonathan Edwards, a Massachusetts preacher who sought to return to the Pilgrims' Calvinist roots and to reawaken the "Fear of God." Practical considerations played their parts, such as commercial enterprise, over-crowding, and the desire for freedom of religion. There were several thousand families in New Mexico and California who became American citizens in 1848, plus small numbers in the other colonies.[12][13][14]. At this time, however, there was no official attempt by the English government to create a colonial empire. The missions introduced European technology, livestock, and crops. They owned increasingly large plantations that were worked by African slaves. Most of the settlers came from Protestant backgrounds in England and Western Europe, with a small proportion of Catholics, chiefly in Maryland, and a few Jews in port cities. The most notable English failures were the "Lost Colony of Roanoke" (158390) in North Carolina and Popham Colony in Maine (160708). Answer: The correct answer is letter " B ": viewed land ownership almost as a right, a precondition of freedom. [42] The Russian-American Company was formed in 1799 with the influence of Nikolay Rezanov, for the purpose of buying sea otters for their fur from native hunters. [90], Women played a role in the emergence of the capitalist economy in the Atlantic world. The role of wives was to raise and nurture healthy children and support their husbands. The colleges were designed for aspiring ministers, lawyers, or doctors. [26] Ponce de Leon was actively involved in the Higuey massacre of 1503 in Puerto Rico. Approximately 8.8 percent of whites were of German ancestry, and 3.5 percent were of Dutch origin. The Southern colonies in particular relied on cash crops such as tobacco and cotton. Catherine Locks, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike & Marie Lasseter. American per capita incomes compared to an average of 10-12 in the British homeland and even lower in France.. Of colonists in British North America, which group was the wealthiest? African women entered the colony as early as 1619, although their status remains a historical debatefree, slave, or indentured servant. Arranged marriages were very unusual; normally, children chose their own spouses from within a circle of suitable acquaintances who shared their race, religion, and social standing. The town meeting levied taxes, built roads, and elected officials who managed town affairs. Their first settlement was founded in 1784 by Grigory Shelikhov. The race was a major public event designed to demonstrate to the world the superior social status of the gentry through expensive breeding, training, boasting, and gambling, and especially winning the races themselves. However, these would not be the last attempts at control of Puerto Rico. "[51] Lord Fairfax (16931781) was a Scottish baron who came to America permanently to oversee his family's vast land holdings. The first medical schools were founded late in the colonial era in Philadelphia and New York. Nearly all the religious denominations set up their own schools and colleges to train ministers. Elementary education was widespread in New England. When sons married, fathers gave them gifts of land, livestock, or farming equipment; daughters received household goods, farm animals, or cash. [118], Mortality was high for infants and small children, especially from diphtheria, yellow fever, and malaria. By the mid-seventeenth century, the British actively sought ways to expand their overseas empire. There was a new sense of shared marriage. The storekeepers of these shops sold their imported goods in exchange for crops and other local products, including roof shingles, potash, and barrel staves. ", Leo A. Bressler, "Agriculture among the Germans in Pennsylvania during the Eighteenth Century. The several hundred settlers were centered around the capital of Fort Christina, at the location of what is today the city of Wilmington, Delaware. Horse racing was especially important for knitting together the gentry. At the Albany Congress of 1754, Benjamin Franklin proposed that the colonies be united by a Grand Council overseeing a common policy for defense, expansion, and Indian affairs. New Spain included territories in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, much of the United States west of the Mississippi River, parts of Latin America (including Puerto Rico), and the Spanish East Indies (including Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands). Ethnic cultures also affected styles of furniture. The colonial South included the plantation colonies of the Chesapeake region (Virginia, Maryland, and, by some classifications, Delaware) and the lower South (Carolina, which eventually split into North and South Carolina; and Georgia). The high death rates meant that Chesapeake wives generally became widows who inherited property; many widows increased their property by remarrying as soon as possible. The indigenous Native American population was around 150,000; the Californios (Mexican era Californians) around 10,000; including immigrant Americans and other nationalities involved in trade and business in California.[24]. It was the Age of the Enlightenment, and ideas flowed back and forth across the Atlantic, with Philadelphian Benjamin Franklin playing a major role. The practical sciences were of great interest to colonial Americans, who were engaged in the process of taming and settling a wild frontier country. [114], Ethnocultural factors were most visible in Pennsylvania. These small settlements were absorbed by Massachusetts when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s, but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679. Nieuw-Nederland, or New Netherland, was a colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered in 1614, in what became New York, New Jersey, and parts of other neighboring states. [178] Women married younger, remained wed longer, bore more children, and lost influence within the family polity. One of the most prominent voices on behalf of independence was Thomas Paine, whose pamphlet Common Sense was published in 1776. Throughout the course of the war, British officers trained American ones for battle, most notably George Washington, which benefitted the American cause during the Revolution. The United States took possession of East Florida in 1821 according to the terms of the AdamsOns Treaty. [21] The Colonial Empires from the Eighteenth Century Carolina was not settled until 1670, and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area. [108] All of this was very unlike Europe, where aristocratic families and the established church were in control. Each city and most towns had private academies for the children of affluent families.[159]. Historiographical Interpretation of Maroon Resistance and Culture in the Atlantic World ." Laborers stood at the bottom of seaport society. The colonists themselves faced high rates of death from disease, starvation, inefficient resupply, conflict with Native Americans, attacks by rival European powers, and other causes. The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European colonization of North America from the early 17th century until the incorporation of the Thirteen Colonies into the United States after the Revolutionary War. Kenneth Coleman, Kenneth. [140], The conditions the Caribbean and Brazilian enslaved populations endured in the early colonial years prompted many attempts at fleeing plantation work. For other uses, see, Growing dissent and the American Revolution, David J. Weber, "The Spanish Frontier in North America. [161], The Great Awakening was a major religious revival movement that took place in most colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. Alexander Hamilton (17121756) was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis, Maryland. At that time, tension was high between Spain and Great Britain, and the British feared that Spanish Florida was threatening the British Carolinas. One example being that tribal groups did not have a definition for colonization or civilization.[97]. In Nova Scotia, however, the British expelled the French Acadians, and many relocated to Louisiana. Chapter 3 (Part 2) | Mid-Term 1301 Flashcards | Quizlet He therefore offered to sell all of Louisiana for $15million. [123], Church membership statistics by denomination are unreliable and scarce from the colonial period,[124] but Anglicans were not in the majority by the time of the American Revolutionary War and probably did not comprise even 30 percent of the population in the Southern Colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) where the Church of England was the established church. Women and Children in Colonial America - National Geographic Society Education was primarily the responsibility of families, but numerous religious groups established tax-supported elementary schools, especially the Puritans in New England, so that their children could read the Bible. The disaster of the 1715 Yamasee War threatened the colony's viability and set off a decade of political turmoil. It remains the oldest European-built house in New Jersey and is believed to be one of the oldest surviving log houses in the United States. The Spaniards, of course, were hardly the first to discover this land of wonder and extremes. The climate was mild; the farm lands were cheap and fertile. Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies, but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe. By dealing with the entire period and all European colonial powers, he enables the reader to make some fruitful comparisons on motivations for European empire building and on methods of . [105] They handled land grants, commercial subsidies, and taxation, as well as oversight of roads, poor relief, taverns, and schools. Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance, separation of Church and State, and a complete break with the Church of England. People kept items in simple-made chests made up with six boards being nailed together. In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts: Second Quartering Act (1774); Quebec Act (1774); Massachusetts Government Act (1774); Administration of Justice Act (1774); Boston Port Act (1774); Prohibitory Act (1775). The Spanish and Portuguese centuries-old experience of conquest and colonization during the Reconquista, coupled with new oceanic ship navigation skills, provided the tools, ability, and desire to colonize the New World. They cleared land, built houses and outbuildings, and worked on the large plantations that dominated export agriculture. Pulling away from ritual and ceremony, the Great Awakening made religion personal to the average person.[132]. Hugh Talmage Lefler, and William Stevens Powell. The great majority went to sugarcane-growing colonies in the Caribbean and Brazil, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished. In the Treaty of Paris (1763), France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire, having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year. American colonial architecture Lower Swedish Cabin, Drexel Hill, Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania, built ca. Ten Facts About the American Economy in the 18th Century They generally retained their historic languages and cultural traditions, even as they merged into the developing American culture. Of the 650,000 inhabitants of the South in 1750, about 250,000 or 40 percent, were slaves. This vast tract was first settled at Mobile and Biloxi around 1700, and continued to grow when 7,000 French immigrants founded New Orleans in 1718. Demographically, the majority of the colonists traced their roots to the British Isles and many of them still had family ties with Great Britain. American colonies | Facts, History, and Definition | Britannica [160], Some immigrants who came to Colonial America were seeking religious freedom. Up and down the colonies, non-English ethnic groups had clusters of settlements. This tool was able to triple the amount of work done by farmers in one day. It was at the Roanoke Colony that Virginia Dare became the first English child born in America; her fate is unknown.[11][1]. US History Chap 3 Flashcards | Quizlet [134], Work for women included running establishments based on their culinary skills. [106] Americans sued each other at a very high rate, with binding decisions made not by a great lord but by local judges and juries. See answer Advertisement shagojyo By the eighteenth century, colonial farm families: viewed land ownership almost as a right, a precondition of freedom. Women (as well as men) danced in balls especially after 1700. The northern colonies experienced numerous assaults from the Wabanaki Confederacy and the French from Acadia during the four French and Indian Wars, particularly present-day Maine and New Hampshire, as well as Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War. These governments were all subordinate to the King of England, with no explicit relationship with the British Parliament. "[149], In 1652 the Massachusetts General Court authorized Boston silversmith John Hull to produce local coinage in shilling, sixpence and threepence denominations to address a coin shortage in the colony. [82], Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain in 1763, which established the colonies of East and West Florida. The interior consisted of a passageway down the middle of the house with specialized rooms off the sides, such as a library, dining room, formal parlor, and master bedroom. They had the ability to build ocean-worthy ships but did not have as strong a history of colonization in foreign lands as did Portugal and Spain. Furthermore, they sponsored a consumer taste for English amenities, developed a distinctly American educational system, and began systems for care of people in need. The main waves of settlement came in the 17th century. The French failed at Parris Island, South Carolina (156263), Fort Caroline on Florida's Atlantic coast (156465), Saint Croix Island, Maine (160405), and Fort Saint Louis, Texas (168589). There were also several Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest, but Spain gave the United States all claims to the Pacific Northwest in the AdamsOns Treaty. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. By this point, the 13 colonies had organized themselves into the Continental Congress and begun setting up independent governments and drilling their militia in preparation for war.[93]. Historian Arthur Schlesinger says that he "was unique among the permanent comers in bearing so high a rank as baron." After Bacon's Rebellion, African slaves rapidly replaced indentured servants as Virginia's main labor force. Then they sailed south along the California coast to Acapulco, Mexico. Selected slaves often became skilled horse trainers. 6: Growing Pains in the Colonies. Georgia initially failed to prosper, but the restrictions were eventually lifted, slavery was allowed, and it became as prosperous as the Carolinas. They fought a series of conflicts from 1754 to 1815 that Furstenberg calls a "Long War for the West" over control of the region. Theater was more developed in the Southern colonies, especially South Carolina, but nowhere did stage works attain the level of Europe. [99], The primary political cultures of the United States had their origins in the colonial period. Most music had a religious theme, as well, and was mainly the singing of Psalms. It created the Dominion of New England, run by a royal appointee without benefit of an elected assembly. As part of the colonization process, African slaves were brought to the island in 1513. However, English entrepreneurs gave their colonies a foundation of merchant-based investment that seemed to need much less government support. The 1689 Boston revolt was inspired by England's Glorious Revolution against James II and led to the arrest of Andros, Boston Anglicans, and senior dominion officials by the Massachusetts militia. Catholics were few outside of Maryland; however, they joined the Patriot cause during the Revolution. The population began to stabilize around 1700, with a 1704 census listing 30,437 white people present with 7,163 of those being women. Instead, membership was limited to those who could convincingly "test" before members of the church that they had been saved. Liberty University, March 18, 2018. Thus, the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664. Spain had numerous failed attempts, including San Miguel de Gualdape in South Carolina (1526), Pnfilo de Narvez's expedition to Florida's Gulf coast (152836), Pensacola in West Florida (155961), Fort San Juan in North Carolina (156768), and the Ajacn Mission in Virginia (157071). After 1700, most immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants, young unmarried men and women seeking a new life in a much richer environment. Large portions were usually given to men of higher social standing, but every man who wasn't indentured or criminally bonded had enough land to support a family. Few girls attended formal schools, but most were able to get some education at home or at so-called "Dame schools" where women taught basic reading and writing skills in their own houses. No civil wars occurred in the Thirteen Colonies. The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America to win the war against France. [170] Merchants dominated seaport society, and about 40 merchants controlled half of Philadelphia's trade. English preacher George Whitefield and other itinerant preachers continued the movement, traveling throughout the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style. Aside from the cultural difference in relationships with land, language was a common barrier. The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe. Tobacco exhausted the soil quickly, requiring new fields to be cleared on a regular basis. Several colonies had an established church, which meant that local tax money went to the denomination. They traded with Native Americans for food. A lot of people in the nonplantation South were owners of some land and the colonial farm families earned huge amounts of wealth through these lands. In September 1493, Christopher Columbus set sail on his second voyage with 17 ships from Cdiz. There were no cities of any size and very few towns, so there was scarcely an urban middle class at all. [97] For native communities, human intervention was a part of their ecological practices. New Englanders wrote journals, pamphlets, books, and especially sermons, which exceeded those written by all other colonies combined. These efforts were managed respectively by the Casa de Contratacin and the Casa da ndia. The leading theologian and philosopher of the colonial era was Jonathan Edwards of Massachusetts, an interpreter of Calvinism and the leader of the First Great Awakening. ", David J. Weber,"The Spanish legacy in North America and the historical imagination.". [94] While native groups saw their relationship with the land in a more holistic view, they were eventually subjected to European property systems. David Armitage and Michael J. Braddick, eds., Alison. Many of these artisans and traders made enough money to create a modest life. To European settlers, land was an inherited right and was to be used to profit. George Whitefield came over from England and made many converts. New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and eventually Massachusetts were crown colonies. [120] The Puritans of New England kept in close touch with non-conformists in England,[121] as did the Quakers[122] and the Methodists. In the British and French colonies, most colonists arrived after 1700. Printing was expensive, and most publications focused on purely practical matters, such as major news, advertisements, and business reports. [125] There were approximately 2,900 churches in the Thirteen Colonies by the time of the Revolutionary War, of which 82 to 84 percent were affiliated with non-Anglican Protestant denominations, with 76 to 77 percent specifically affiliated with British Dissenter denominations (Congregational, Presbyterian, Baptist, or Quaker) or continental Calvinists (Dutch Reformed or German Reformed), 5 to 8 percent being Lutheran; there was also a population of approximately 10,000 Methodists. These extreme conditions both demeaned and empowered women. "Agricultural Productivity Change in Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania.". It was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants that swept the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion. In 1602 Vizcaino charted the coast from Lower California to Mendocino and some inland areas and recommended Monterey for settlement. It was composed of several colonies: Acadia, Canada, Newfoundland, Louisiana, le-Royale (present-day Cape Breton Island), and le Saint Jean (present-day Prince Edward Island). This settlement was centered at Fort Mose. In America, game was more than plentiful. One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France, especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley.[84]. On the other hand, settlers from Ireland took advantage of America's ample supply of timber and constructed sturdy log cabins. [146][147], In New England, the Puritans created self-governing communities of religious congregations of farmers, or yeomen, and their families. A census conducted in 1860 revealed a population of 583,308. During the 1750s, these agricultural innovators replaced the hand sickles and scythes used to harvest hay, wheat, and barley with the cradle scythe, a tool with wooden fingers that arranged the stalks of grain for easy collection. [152] However, the colony ignored the English demands to cease operations until at least 1682, when Hull's contract as mintmaster expired, and the colony did not move to renew his contract or appoint a new mintmaster. [63] Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location, excellent port, and a population of about 30,000.[64]. [69] In a census taken in 2000 of Americans and their self-reported ancestries, areas where people reported 'American' ancestry were the places where, historically, many Scottish, Scotch-Irish and English Borderer Protestants settled in America: the interior as well as some of the coastal areas of the South, and especially the Appalachian region. "[47] His diary has been widely used by scholars, and covers his travels from Maryland to Maine. [94] Yet the commodities didn't end with the acquisition of land.