[197][198] Christianity is the dominant religion and many denominations incorporate worship practices from traditional African religions. But these journeys had little permanent effect on eastwest trade because of a series of political developments in Asia in the last decades of the 14th century, which put an end to further European exploration of Asia: namely the new Ming rulers were found to be unreceptive of religious proselytism by European missionaries and merchants. Roughly a century later (410-476 CE), the West Roman Empire collapsed, but the East Roman Empire would last another 1000 years (and later be renamed the Byzantine Empire), until conquered by the Ottomans in 1453. Augustine wrote in On True Religion: "Religion is to be sought only among those who are called Catholic or orthodox Christians, that is, guardians of truth and followers of right. Second is Latin America, which includes Mexico, Peru, and the other countries of Central and South America. Others say: "No, we have our own unique culture"; and a vast bibliographical material produced by Latin Americans and North Americans exposes in detail their cultural differences. In this usage, Western World refers to all of the countries of Western Europe, as well as those countries shaped by Western European culture. This threshold excludes many Central and South American countries included in the other definitions but includes several former communist countries that were not part of the Cold War West. Condorcet wrote about the progress of humanity in the Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind (1794), from primitive society to agrarianism, the invention of writing, the later invention of the printing press and the advancement to "the Period when the Sciences and Philosophy threw off the Yoke of Authority". [153][158] Tensions escalated in 2014 after Russia's annexation of Crimea, military intervention in Ukraine, and the 2015 Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War. [citation needed], Classical culture of the ancient Western world was partly preserved during this period due to the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire and the introduction of the Catholic Church; it was also greatly expanded by the Arab importation[47][48] of both the Ancient Greco-Roman and new technology through the Arabs from India and China to Europe.[49][50]. It originated in the Mediterranean basin and its vicinity; Ancient Greece[d] and Ancient Rome[e] are generally considered to be the birthplaces of Western civilizationGreece having heavily influenced Romethe former due to its impact on philosophy, democracy, science, aesthetics, as well as building designs and proportions and architecture; the latter due to its influence on art, law, warfare, governance, republicanism, engineering and religion. Spinoza was excommunicated from the Dutch Sephardic community, but for Jews who sought out Jewish sources to guide their own path to secularism, Spinoza was as important as Voltaire and Kant.[151]. In 1071, the Byzantine army was defeated by the Muslim Turco-Persians of medieval Asia, resulting in the loss of most of Asia Minor. Jose Orlandis, 1993, "A Short History of the Catholic Church," 2nd edn. [131] Industrialisation, however, dramatically increased European demand for Asian raw materials; and the severe Long Depression of the 1870s provoked a scramble for new markets for European industrial products and financial services in Africa, the Americas, Eastern Europe, and especially in Asia (Western powers exploited their advantages in China for example by the Opium Wars). [citation needed]. [1] It is often seen as a counterpart to the Western world, and correlates strongly to the southern half of the NorthSouth divide. [citation needed] Historically colonialism had been justified with the values of individualism and enlightenment. The Methodist, Roman Catholic, Anglican, Dutch Reformed, Lutheran, Pentecostal and Seventh-day Adventist dominations are also popular. The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, [a] Europe, [b] and the Americas. In particular, Toynbee refers to the intelligentsia formed among the educated elite of countries impacted by the European expansion of centuries past. The Eastern Roman Empire surviving the fall of the Western protected Roman legal and cultural traditions, combining them with Greek and Christian elements, for another thousand years more. Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World, as settlers in the colonies of Spain and Portugal (and later, France) belonged to that faith. The Eastern world, also known as the East or historically the Orient, is an umbrella term for various cultures or social structures, nations and philosophical systems, which vary depending on the context. [h], The Eastern Roman Empire included lands south-west of the Black Sea and bordering on the Eastern Mediterranean and parts of the Adriatic Sea. [159][160][161] By August 2014, both sides had implemented economic, financial, and diplomatic sanctions upon each other: virtually all Western countries, led by the US and EU, imposed restrictive measures on Russia; the latter reciprocally introduced retaliatory measures.[162][163]. It is also used despite many developed countries or regions not being culturally Western (e.g. Which countries are part of the Western World? [1] Huntington's view has, however, been contested on a number of occasions as biased. In either view, between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Renaissance, the West (or those regions that would later become the heartland of the culturally "western sphere") experienced a period of first, considerable decline,[46] and then readaptation, reorientation and considerable renewed material, technological and political development. [34][35] Starting from the late 1960s, certain parts of the Western World have become notable for their diversity. 18th century scholars continued to refine Newton's theory of gravitation, notably Leonhard Euler, Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Alexis-Claude Clairaut, Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Pierre-Simon de Laplace. Traditionally, this includes all of Central Asia, East Asia, Southwest Asia, Transcaucasia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. The Eastern world, also known as the East or historically the Orient, is an umbrella term for various cultures or social structures, nations and philosophical systems, which vary depending on the context. [144], Eric Voegelin described the 18th-century as one where "the sentiment grows that one age has come to its close and that a new age of Western civilization is about to be born". English and Dutch colonies, on the other hand, tended to be more religiously diverse. Countries in the Eastern Hemisphere include Germany, Romania, Poland, Egypt, China, Japan, North Korea, Afghanistan, Iran, India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Eastern Europe - Wikipedia Such voyages were influenced by medieval European adventurers after the European spice trade with Asia, who had journeyed overland to the Far East contributing to geographical knowledge of parts of the Asian continent. "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century,". Eastern countries synonyms, Eastern countries pronunciation, Eastern countries translation, English dictionary definition of Eastern countries. [182], American political scientist, adviser and academic Samuel P. Huntington considered Latin America as separate from the Western world for the purpose of his geopolitical analysis. [20] In the aftermath of European colonization of these newly discovered lands, an idea of the Western world, as an inheritor of Latin Christendom emerged. [3] Other than much of Asia and Africa, Europe has absorbed almost all of the societies of Oceania, North Asia and the Americas into the Western world because of settler colonization.[4][5]. We organize countries and areas into six geographical regions, each corresponding to one of our six "regional" bureaus. Eastern-Western Hemispheres are the halves that lie east or west of the prime meridian and west or east of the 180th meridian whereas Northern-Southern Hemispheres are the halves that lie north or south of the Equator. Since the eighteenth century, following European exploration, the word was used to indicate the regions of the world with European settlements. Western culture is most strongly influenced by Greco-Roman culture, Christian culture, and, to some extent, Germanic culture. The pantheism controversy in the late 18th century saw Gotthold Lessing attacked by Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi over support for Spinoza's pantheism. Report. Thus, the "Western World" became the western portion of Europe (up to Italy) and the East came to mean Eastern Europe, Asia and all its subregions: The Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, North Africa, and the Far East. List of countries by westernmost point - Wikipedia It joined NATO and since the 1960s has been seeking to join the European Union with very slow progress. The Second World was the Eastern bloc in the Soviet sphere of influence, including the Soviet Union (15 republics including the then-occupied and presently independent Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Warsaw Pact countries like Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, East Germany (now united with Germany), and Czechoslovakia (now split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia). D. The following countries are in the Western Hemisphere region: Canada. 1. Guyana. [19] The West during these crusades tried to capture trade routes to the East and failed, it instead discovered the Americas. [136], During the socioeconomically optimistic and innovative decades of the Second Industrial Revolution between the 1870s and 1914, also known as the "Beautiful Era", the established colonial powers in Asia (United Kingdom, France, Netherlands) added to their empires also vast expanses of territory in the Indian Subcontinent and South East Asia. After breaking away from the USSR, Belarus maintained close ties to Russia, unlike many other countries in Eastern Europe that have grown closer to the West. The most famous of these merchant travelers pursuing Eastwest trade was Venetian Marco Polo. Countries like Australia and New Zealand, located in the Eastern Hemisphere are included in modern definitions of the Western world,[25] as these regions and others like them have been significantly influenced by the Britishderived from colonization, and immigration of Europeansfactors that grounded such countries to the West. Some regions in Latin America incorporate indigenous cultures, which did not exist in Europe and were effectively annihilated in the United States, and whose importance oscillates between two extremes: Mexico, Central America, Peru and Bolivia, on the one hand, and Argentina and Chile on the other. Also referred to as "First World countries" or the "Cold War West," this group of nations stood in contrast to the Second World countries of the U.S.S.R.-led communist Soviet bloc. ), Dublin:Four Courts Press, Burnett, Charles. [199], The Philippines, although geographically part of the Eastern world and having a majority population that does not possess European ethnic origins aside from a significant minority, maintains strong Western-based influences in its culture. Countries Comprising the Western Hemisphere Region. [103] This paved the way for Muslim conquests in present-day Turkey and the Balkans in the coming centuries (only a handful of the Crusaders followed to the stated destination thereafter, the Holy Land). In 1492 European colonialism expanded across the globe with the exploring voyage of merchant, navigator, and Hispano-Italian colonizer Christopher Columbus. Barbados. They are of enormous significance in Western history as they marked the beginning of the European exploration, colonization and exploitation of the American continents and their native inhabitants. Religion survived in Russia beside severe persecution carrying values alternative to the communist ideology. Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views [215] The idea of "the West" over the course of time has evolved from a directional concept to a socio-political concept, and has been temporalized and rendered as a concept of the future bestowed with notions of progress and modernity. It consists of 10 countries. Slovakia Ukraine Belarus National Flag Of Belarus Belarus is a former Soviet republic, which gained independence in 1991. The result was a series of western European military campaigns into the eastern Mediterranean, known as the Crusades. The three-day Visigoths's AD 410 sack of Rome who had been raiding Greece not long before, a shocking time for Graeco-Romans, was the first time after almost 800 years that Rome had fallen to a foreign enemy, and St. Jerome, living in Bethlehem at the time, wrote that "The City which had taken the whole world was itself taken. Today, the most widely used definition of the Western World, also known as the "Latin West," is based entirely on culture rather than geography. Eastern . In addition, the microstates of Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City are considered Western. In modern usage, Western world refers to Europe and to areas whose populations largely originate from Europe, through the Age of Discovery's imperialism. ", Ibrahim Muteferrika, Rational basis for the Politics of Nations (1731)[115], In the 13th and 14th centuries, a number of European travelers, many of them Christian missionaries, had sought to cultivate trading with Asia and Africa. [194][195][196] English and Afrikaans most similar to Dutch are two of South Africa's eleven official languages. Find Your Program Architecture Art, Design, Photography Business Charities & NGOs Consulting & Professional Services Engineering Entrepreneurship & Startups Environmental & Sustainability Fashion Finance & Accounting Hospitality, Events, Tourism Human Resources Journalism, Publishing, Media Law Marketing, Advertising, PR Property & Real Estate Technology & Software Engineering TV, Theatre . Senate. In the early 4th century, the central focus of power was on two apart Imperial (including army generals') legacies, within the Roman Empire: the older Aegean Sea Greek heritage (of Classical Greece) in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the newer most successful Tyrrhenian Sea Latin heritage (of Ancient Latium and Tuscany) in the Western Mediterranean. Historically, Latin America has been only Catholic, although this is changing due to the influx of Protestants into the region. Western Asia (which includes Israel, part of the Arab world, Iran, etc. [citation needed], The Roman Empire succeeded the approximately 500-year-old Roman Republic (c. 51030 BC). [148], A common metanarrative of the Enlightenment is the "secularization theory". [130] Before the urbanisation and industrialization of the 1800s, demand for oriental goods such as porcelain, silk, spices and tea remained the driving force behind European imperialism in Asia, and (with the important exception of British East India Company rule in India) the European stake in Asia remained confined largely to trading stations and strategic outposts necessary to protect trade. [188], Subjectively, Latin Americans are divided when it comes to identifying themselves. Western civilization is also strongly associated with Christianity[42] (and to a lesser extent, with Judaism), which is in turn shaped by Hellenistic philosophy and Roman culture. Bhabha. Others have fiercely criticized these views arguing they confuse the Eastern Roman Empire with Russia, especially considering the fact that the country that had the most historical roots in Byzantium (Greece) expelled communists and was allied with the West during the Cold War. Privatization policies (involving government enterprises and public services) and multinational corporations are often considered a visible sign of Western nations' economic presence, especially in Third World countries, and represent a common institutional environment for powerful politicians, enterprises, trade unions and firms, bankers and thinkers of the Western world. Constantine the Great's decision to establish the city of Constantinople (today's Istanbul) in modern-day Turkey as the "New Rome" when he picked it as capital of his Empire (later called "Byzantine Empire" by modern historians) in 330 AD, was a turning point. (January 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) This is a list of countries by easternmost point on land (dependent territories included). The Eastern European subregion stretches from the Ural Mountains in the east to the western borders of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. [213], A series of scholars of civilization, including Arnold J. Toynbee, Alfred Kroeber and Carroll Quigley have identified and analyzed "Western civilization" as one of the civilizations that have historically existed and still exist today.
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