Agric. The Plant List with literature. using SSR markers. The final section highlights the research gap and future research directions needed to promote barnyard millet as a potential crop for food and nutritional security. Effect of degree of polishing on milling characteristics and proximate compositions of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea). Karnataka J. Agric. Evol. Development of highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat markers using genome-wide microsatellite variant analysis in Foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. J. Integr. As reported in angiosperms by Wendel (2015), the high morphological variation among the wild and its cultivated species occurs due to the consequences of genome reorganization during the evolutionary process. Echinochloa utilis Ohwi & Yabuno Japanese millet is the most rapid growing of all millet varieties producing seed just 45 days after germination!. Crop Sci. (2018). the state. 97, 107110. Lower glume, 2530% of spikelet length, apex acute to mucronate or obtuse, 5-nerved; upper usually shorter than spikelet and exposing upper part of maturing floret, acute, 5-nerved. Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), meadows and fields, Occurs in wetlands or non-wetlands. Bonn-Poppelsdorf, 28 Oct 1875 (B). The effect of temperature on growth and development of Echinochloa millets. (2010). 5, 11131119. Each spikelet contains two florets in which the lower floret is sterile and consists of lemma with small palea, while the upper floret is bisexual with a shiny lemma that partially encloses palea. Commun. (2018). Toxicol. Meanwhile, Kim et al. A., Yasuda, K., Yano, A., and Soejima, A. Link) germplasm over environment. On the other hand, a restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) approach combined with Illumina DNA sequencing strategy was performed in E. phyllopogon for the rapid and mass discovery of SSR and SNP markers by Chen et al. Pearl millet genome sequence provides a resource to improve agronomic traits in arid environments. Recently, MDU 1, a variety developed by Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India, through pureline selection of local landrace of Tamil Nadu possesses the characteristic features of short duration (<100 days) and higher grain yield (2,500 kg ha1) (Vanniarajan et al., 2018). [4], Echinochloa is derived from Greek and means 'hedgehog-grass'. Yabuno, T. (1996). The genetic map of finger millet, Eleusine coracana. doi: 10.1111/wre.12031, Lin, H.-S., Chiang, C. Y., Chang, S.-B., and Kuoh, C.-S. (2011). Identification of SNP and SSR markers in finger millet using next generation sequencing technologies. J. Biol. The grains of barnyard millet are rich in micronutrients (Fe and Zn) and hence, the identification of potential genes related to the accumulation of micronutrients (Fe and Zn) will be helpful to transfer these genes to high yielding barnyard millet cultivars or even to other major crops like rice, wheat, maize, etc. The most notable of these are Japanese millet ( E. esculenta) in East Asia, Indian barnyard millet ( E. frumentacea) in South Asia, and burgu millet ( E. stagnina) in West Africa. doi: 10.5660/WTS.2015.4.3.225, Lee, J., Park, K., Lee, I., Kim, C., Kown, O., and Park, T. (2014). 26:297. doi: 10.5958/j.2229-4473.26.2.088, Qie, L., Jia, G., Zhang, W., Schnable, J., Shang, Z., Li, W., et al. Singh, K. P., Mishra, H. N., and Saha, S. (2010). 18, 275282. Food Process. Morphological and molecular characterization of different Echinochloa spp. (2006). Figure 4. Barnyard millet (Echinochloa species) has become one of the most important minor millet crops in Asia, showing a firm upsurge in world production. Murukarthick et al. Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz. Evaluation of barnyard millet diversity in central Himalayan region for environmental stress tolerance. (2016) suggested the use of an aqueous extract from aerial parts of E. colona plant in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a new eco-friendly approach in bio-synthesizing nanoparticle in plants. (2017). doi: 10.1021/jf0520746, Rutledge, J., Talbert, R. E., and Sneller, C. H. (2000). Botany of Field Crops. All these features make barnyard millet an ideal supplementary crop for subsistence farmers and also as an alternate crop during the failure of monsoons in rice/major crop cultivating areas (Gupta et al., 2009). doi: 10.4141/cjps86-093, Mauro-Herrera, M., Wang, X., Barbier, H., Brutnell, T. P., Devos, K. M., and Doust, A. N. (2013). Origin, taxonomy and ploidy of the millets and minor cereals. Plant Physiol. Assessment of yield losses due to grain smut in barnyard millet. (2013). PLoS One 12:e0183261. [8], Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta syn. Among these, the notable variety PRJ 1, a direct selection from exotic collections of ICRISAT was released during 2003, by Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora, Uttarakhand, India, possess a higher grain yield (2,500 kg ha1) with resistance against various smuts (Upadhyaya et al., 2008). For instance, the maximum expression of quinclorac-resistant proteins, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, defensin, cadmium tolerant, viral nucleoprotein, and antimicrobial peptides was observed in E. crus-galli (Odintsova et al., 2008), multiple-herbicide-resistant proteins in E. phyllopogan (Iwakami et al., 2014), and granule-bound starch synthase in E. esculenta (Ishikawa et al., 2013). Screening barnyard millet germplasm against grain smut (Ustilago panici-frumentacei Brefeld). 3, 517525. Econ. Between-species differences in gene copy number are enriched among functions critical for adaptive evolution in Arabidopsis halleri. 14, 16271636. Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan (VPKAS), India; Indian Institute of Millets Research (IIMR), India; National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), Japan, and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research like International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India are actively working on germplasm evaluation for various agronomic, biotic, and abiotic stresses, grain, and nutritional content traits in barnyard millet. Besides, the most frequent motif was AT and maximum motif length was dinucleotide type (>82%) followed by tri, tetra, penta, and hexa. Radhamani, J., Pandey, A., Srinivasan, K., and Tyagi, V. (2011). Nirmalakumari, A., and Vetriventhan, M. (2009). Nat. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Japanese Millet Echinochloa esculenta (A. braun) H. scholz (Poaceae). Abiotic stresses are a major threat to important food crops such as rice, wheat, and maize, and cause serious yield loss across the world. PLoS One 13:e19444. Agric. Genome-Wide population structure analyses of three minor millets: kodo millet, little millet, and proso millet. Food crops for waterfowl, in Fireside Waterfowler: Fundamentals of Duck and Goose Ecology, eds D. E. Wesley and W. G. Leitch, (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books), 352. Mitochondrial DNA 1, 7980. The Leipzig catalogue of vascular plants. A short duration high yielding culture - Barnyard millet ACM 10145. doi: 10.14233/ajchem.2016.19790, Sharma, D., Tiwari, A., Sood, S., Jamra, G., Singh, N. K., Meher, P. K., et al. var. Evol. J. Agric. Plant Breed. The interspecific hybrids between wild species and its progenitor, i.e., E. crus-galli E. esculenta and E. colona E. frumentacea produce normal meiotic division (27 bivalents) i.e., fertile. Similar to other angiosperms, the chloroplast genome of Echinochloa species comprises of 38.6% GC regions and 61% AT regions (Sebastin et al., 2019). Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea): protein content, quality and SDS-PAGE of protein fractions. Also covers those considered historical (not seen doi: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.275, Gupta, S., Kumari, K., Muthamilarasan, M., Alagesan, S., and Prasad, M. (2013). doi: 10.1038/ng.2673, Jia, X., Zhang, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, C., Shi, Y., Song, Y., et al. 8, 233242. oryzoides, and one major cultivated species, E. esculenta (Japanese barnyard millet). Screening of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) germplasm for salinity tolerance. Leaf sheaths smooth and glabrous; leaf blades linear, 20-50 1.2-2.5 cm, glabrous, margins thickened and wavy. are among the most problematic and dominant weeds in world agricultural systems, especially in rice paddy fields 2. A haplotype map of genomic variations and genome-wide association studies of agronomic traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Millets. 10:436. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08409-5, Keywords: barnyard millet, Echinochloa species, micronutrients, small millets, genetic and genomic resources, value addition, Citation: Renganathan VG, Vanniarajan C, Karthikeyan A and Ramalingam J (2020) Barnyard Millet for Food and Nutritional Security: Current Status and Future Research Direction. The genus Echinochloa belongs to the family Poaceae and subfamily Panicoideae and includes 250 described annual and perennial species, of which E. frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet) and E. esculenta (Japanese barnyard millet) are the most important and widely cultivated ( Clayton and Renvoize, 2006 ). Plant Breed. Existing evidence showed that the protein content (11.212.7%) in barnyard millet was reasonably higher than other major cereals and millets. Mysore J. Agric. Biotechnol. Seed defensins of barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Echinochloa species are generally considered to be a short-day plant (Muldoon, 1985) exhibiting photoperiodism and perform as per the different ranges of photoperiods from short days (813 h) to long days (16 h) (Maun and Barrett, 1986; Mitich, 1990). The E. oryzicola complex consists of two weedy species, E. oryzicola and E. phyllopogon, and one rare cultivated Mosuo barnyard millet. Basionym and/or Replacement Name: Panicum esculentum A. Braun, Index Sem. (2016). doi: 10.1007/s40009-014-0295-7, Gupta, P., Raghuvanshi, S., and Tyagi, A. (2012). Breed. Mosovska, S., Mikulasova, M., Brindzova, L., Valik, L., and Mikusova, L. (2010). CV, JR, and AK provided suggestions. The summary of cross transferable molecular markers developed in other cereals and millet are presented in Table 6. 96, 598606. PDF orange.wateratlas.usf.edu Indian J. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Genetic diversity of various morphological traits of barnyard millet. 20, 197207. Bot. 19, 277323. Identifying the genome-wide sequence variations and developing new molecular markers for genetics research by re-sequencing a landrace cultivar of foxtail millet. (2010a) showed that some of the E. esculenta accessions had the immunity against both smut diseases and further provide the chance to breed the resistance lines. Taylor, in Sorghum and Millets (Second Edition), 2019 2.8 Japanese Barnyard Millet ( Echinochloa esculenta, (A. Braun) H. Scholz) and Indian Barnyard Millet ( Echinochloa frumentacea Link) Table 1. Technol. 3 Biotech 8:95. doi: 10.1007/s13205-018-1118-1. Often used around ponds and other waterways as a source of cover and preferred food for waterfowl, including ducks. Besides its superior feed quality, higher digestibility and nitrogen concentrations have meant barnyard millet is used as a potential livestock feed crop in the dry areas of the Deccan plateau to the extreme hills of the temperate sub-Himalayan region (Singh and Singh, 2005; Bandyopadhyay, 2009; Yadav and Yadav, 2013; Sood et al., 2015). J. VR built the layout of the manuscript, collected literature, and wrote the manuscript. *Correspondence: Jegadeesan Ramalingam, ramalingam.j@tnau.ac.in, Development of Healthy and Nutritious Cereals: Recent Insights on Molecular Advances in Breeding, View all Mishra, A. K., Puranik, S., Bahadur, R. P., and Prasad, M. (2012). Jpn. Later, the cultivated species (E. frumentacea) diverged from E. oryzicola and E. crus-galli in and around 1.92.7 Mya (Perumal et al., 2016) (Figure 5). Seeds 3, 99112. J. Further, the multidimensional principal component analysis (PCA)-based phenotypic characterization of these 89 accessions resulted in three different groups for agronomic and other phenotypic traits based on its origin (Sood et al., 2015). (intentionally or Lower palea shorter and narrower than lower lemma, shortly 2-lobed. doi: 10.1071/CP18175, Mace, E. S., Tai, S., Gilding, E. K., Li, Y., Prentis, P. J., Bian, L., et al. Agric. Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa utilis. Wanous, M. K. (1990). Hoshino, T., Nakamura, T., Seimiya, Y., Kamada, T., Ishikawa, G., Ogasawara, A., et al. Plant Var. ), which occurs in the wild and as cultivated forms. utilis). (2014). doi: 10.11648/j.ijfsb.20170202.13, Sebastin, R., Lee, K. J., Cho, G. T., Lee, J. R., Shin, M. J., Kim, S. H., et al. Globally, more than 8000 accessions of barnyard millet have been assembled and conserved. (2008). Identification of massive molecular markers in Echinochloa phyllopogon using a restriction-site associated DNA approach. J. Nutr. Individual plants can produce up to 40,000 seeds per year. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2015.10.0644, Rajput, S. G., Santra, D. K., and Schnable, J. Another cultivated allohexaploid species, E. esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz; syn. (2013). Microsatellite loci for Paspalum atratum (Poaceae) and cross-amplification in other species. Mol. J. Agric. Asian J. Chem. Gledhill, David (2008). Domestication of mawa millet (Echinochloa colona). The pericarp color of grain differs among genotypes from straw white to light gray and dark gray (Renganathan et al., 2017; Kuraloviya et al., 2019). doi: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2005.00185.x, Yang, X., Yu, X.-Y., and Li, Y. F. (2013). However, in millets except for sorghum and pearl millet, most of them were registered with limited traits only, mainly, cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line in foxtail millet (Radhamani et al., 2011), waxy trait in proso millet (Santra et al., 2015), and easy de-hulling in barnyard millet. (2018) and Murukarthick et al. Sung, S.-J., Leather, G. R., and Hale, M. G. (1987). The information available on sequence-based markers in barnyard millet is still in its infancy, despite the reports of microsatellite markers related to genetic diversity studies in germplasm accessions gaining attention today. 189, 247257. The polyphenols and carotenoids are known to have several potential benefits to humans, and are twofold higher in barnyard millet than finger millet (Panwar et al., 2016). With regard to cereals, the maximum number of germplasms were registered in paddy and wheat mainly for biotic stress related traits (Radhamani et al., 2011). RI, There is also an urgent need for advancements in post-harvest technologies for better processing and value-addition in the barnyard and other minor millets. Extensive transcriptomics and annotation studies previously performed on herbicide resistant varieties of E. crus-galli resulted in 74 ESTs (Li et al., 2013b; Yang et al., 2013). The nutritional composition of barnyard millet is presented in Supplementary Table S1. Zee, S. Y., and Obrien, T. P. (1971). Further, population structure analysis with SNPs strongly separated these two species with four clusters in E. colona and three clusters in E. crus-galli (Wallace et al., 2015). These biofilms are found to be resistant against various microbes and block light transparency and free radical formation in food industries (Cao et al., 2017). Table 5. Food Chem. (2019). Danquah, E. Y., Hanley, S. J., Brookes, R. C., Aldam, C., and Karp, A. Dormancy release and germination of Echinochloa crus-galli grains in relation to galactomannan-hydrolysing enzyme activity. Int. The SNPs discriminating among E. colona and E. crus-galli biotypes were 1,299 and 1,444, respectively. Mitich, L. W. (1990). 25, 174179. Japanese millet. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Link.) Mitochondrial DNA variation in finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.]. This review discusses the origin and taxonomy, nutritional value and health benefits, stress adaptation as well as the current status of genetic and genomics research in barnyard millet. (1964). Transcriptomes of Indian barnyard millet and barnyardgrass reveal putative genes involved in drought adaptation and micronutrient accumulation. In another study, barnyard millet seeds treated with Pseudomonas fluorescens enhanced the seed germination and seedling growth attributes in barnyard millet (Sridevi and Manonmani, 2016). Ajaib, M., Khan, K. M., Perveen, S., and Shah, S. (2013). Mol. Agric. Often used around ponds and other waterways as a source of cover and preferred food for waterfowl, including ducks. At the same time, Chojuromochi, a mutant developed through artificial -radiation, was completely devoid of Waxy (Wx) protein synthesis. Cytogenetic data suggest that Echinochloa frumentacea and E. esculenta are domesticated derivatives of E. crus-galli and E. colona, respectively (Yabuno 1962) and that E. oryzoides is very closely related to E. crus-galli (Yabuno 1984). Collectively, all these features make the barnyard millet a suitable and secured food for present-day consumers in their overall physical and nutritional well-being. (2015). Crop Sci. Due to the non-availability of whole genome sequencing in barnyard millet, the genomes of rice, maize, finger millet, and foxtail millet have served as essential models to study the marker-based syntenic relationships. KTo}T\y$*O>k-g)+|Cnze!MD?#O 09}7n 3:x@$ ;A[> . doi: 10.1038/nbt.3943. US Department of Agriculture plants profile, Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps, "The red queen in the corn: agricultural weeds as models of rapid adaptive evolution", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echinochloa&oldid=1123396532, This page was last edited on 23 November 2022, at 14:21. The seed dormancy, a major limiting factor in the cultivation of small millets, has not been studied yet in detail. The seeds usually germinate easily under proper storage conditions at 12C and are able to retain their viability for up to 13 months (Kannan et al., 2013) and beyond, although improper or poor storage may lead to loss of viability in both species of barnyard millet. (2014), also found that the rice genic SSR primers from calcium transporters and calcium kinases group showed 100% and 72.2% cross transferability, respectively, in barnyard millet. Res. Both Echinochloa frumentacea and E. esculenta are called Japanese millet. In addition, the waxy protein trait was found to be stably inherited. The incorporation of borage seed oil in barnyard millet starch increases the elongation range and decreases the tensile strength, water permeability, and moisture content properties of the starch, which makes it suitable for biofilm production. Weed Res. Development of eSSR-Markers in Setaria italica and their applicability in studying genetic diversity, cross-transferability and comparative mapping in millet and non-millet species. (2009), where seven primer pairs produced 156 polymorphic bands with an average of 22.3 alleles per primer in 80 genotypes. (1982). Toxicol. The major source of introduction was from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Ghana, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Malawi, the Philippines, Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, United States of America, and Yugoslavia. Nat. doi: 10.1515/znc-2008-9-1022, Kim, J. Y., Chang, J. K., Park, B.-R., Han, S.-I., Choi, K.-J., Kim, S.-Y., et al. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12012, Santra, D., Heyduck, R., Baltensperger, D., Graybosch, R., Nelson, L., Frickel, G., et al. The gene annotation of E. crus-galli further revealed 108,771 protein-coding genes, 785 miRNAs, 514 Mb repetitive elements, and non-coding RNAs. Sci. E. frumentacea species has four races, namely stolonifera, intermedia, robusta, and laxa, that are widely cultivated in Central Africa, India, Malawi, Nepal, Pakistan, and Tanzania (Doggett, 1989; Upadhyaya et al., 2014). 27, 14781494. (2009). It grows on variety of wet sites such as ditches, low areas in fertile croplands and wet wastes, often growing in water. doi: 10.1534/g3.112.005207. Conserv. For instance, a recent investigation from Arthi et al. The grains are cooked in water, like rice, or boiled with milk and sugar. For details, please check with your state. This plant can grow to 60" (1.5 m) in height and has long, flat leaves which are often purplish at the base. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073514, Bajwa, A., Jabran, K., Shahid, M., Ali, H. H., Chauhan, B., and Ehsanullah (2015). Int. 132, 367374. Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz - Japanese millet P: Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz Japanese millet. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0523.2012.01983.x, Lee, J., Kim, C.-S., and Lee, I.-Y. Front. 4, 6567. The grain can also transform into flour for the preparation of various food formulation by processing techniques. The selected panicle was trimmed for 1/3rd portion by removing the opened and immature flowers in the respective upper and lower portions of the racemes, and then the remaining middle portion was immersed in hot water at 52C in a thermos flask for 1 min. County and Jepson Region polygons can be turned off and on using the check boxes.
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