[31], The mountains started to gain their current shape from the latest Miocene onward. Authored by: Geoengineer.org North portal of the Ceneri Base Tunnel. [85] While archaeobotanist Klaus Oeggl of the University of Innsbruck agrees that the natural process described probably caused the body to move from the ridge that includes the stone formation, he pointed out that the paper provided no compelling evidence to demonstrate that the scattered stones constituted a burial platform. [74][75] This explanation was inspired by theories previously advanced for the first millennium BCE bodies recovered from peat bogs such as the Tollund Man and the Lindow Man. ): This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 02:37. [16] It is believed that tzi most likely had a few slices of a dried, fatty meat, probably bacon, which came from a wild goat in South Tyrol, Italy. [78] Further research found that the arrow's shaft had been removed before death, and close examination of the body found bruises and cuts to the hands, wrists and chest and cerebral trauma indicative of a blow to the head. Carpathian Mountains, a geologically young European mountain chain forming the eastward continuation of the Alps. Jean-Franois Bergier; Gauro Coppola (eds. He is depicted as looking tired and ungroomed. During CT scans, it was observed that three or four of his right ribs had been cracked when he had been lying face down after death, or where the ice had crushed his body. [17], After World War II, the Alps entered a new phase. [85] Moreover, biological anthropologist Albert Zink argues that the iceman's bones display no dislocations that would have resulted from a downhill slide and that the intact blood clots in his arrow wound would show damage if the body had been moved up the mountain. [82] The Cambridge World History of Violence (2020) cited tzi as evidence of prehistoric warfare.[83]. Andrea Bonoldi, Andrea Leonardi (eds. The blade part of the head extends out of the lashing and shows clear signs of having been used to chop and cut. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (/krpeinz/) are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. In the 15th century, the Forest Cantons won the Val Leventina as well as Bellinzona and the Val Blenio (though the Ossola Valley was held for a time only). "[6] This remarkable human presence in the Alpine region came into being with the population growth and agrarian expansion of the High Middle Ages. This week, dive into a brief history of deep-sea exploration, come face-to-face with a 1,300-year-old Anglo-Saxon teen, prepare for the 2024 total solar eclipse, and more. [31], Radiological examination of tzi's bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration" corresponding to many tattooed areas, including osteochondrosis and slight spondylosis in the lumbar spine and wear-and-tear degeneration in the knee and especially in the ankle joints. km in Europe. [29] The boundary between the Flysch belt and internal zones of the orogenic belt in the western segment of the mountain range is marked by the Pieniny Klippen Belt, a narrow complicated zone of polyphase compressional deformation, later involved in a supposed strike-slip zone. As Europe was getting increasingly more urbanised, the Alps distinguished themselves as a place of nature. The Alpine culture, which developed there, centers on transhumance. [12], The economy showed many signs of change too. [31] It has been suggested that tzi was repeatedly tattooed in the same locations, since the majority of them are quite dark. 7 When were the Alps formed? [1][2][3][4] The highest range within the Carpathians is known as the Tatra mountains in Slovakia, where the highest peaks exceed 2,600m (8,500ft). Les Anglais et la Suisse au XIX sicle, Lausanne 2000. During World War I the eastern Alpine region was one of the epicentres of the conflict. Writing in the journal Scientific Reports, researchers from Ireland and Italy reported their analysis of his clothing's mitochondrial DNA, which was extracted from nine fragments from six of his garments, including his loin cloth and fur cap. [52] The other was a type of tinder fungus, included with part of what appeared to be a complex firelighting kit. The Jura mountains were formed as a result of the shock waves of the time, hence the period known as t. Migration to the urbanised zones of the surrounding areas was already apparent before 1500 and was often temporary. A survey in Stefano Maggi: Le ferrovie, Bologna 2008. ): Energia e sviluppo in area alpina. Entstehung und Gefhrdung einer europischen Kulturlandschaft, Mnchen 1991. It intensified from the middle of the nineteenth century onwards and, in spite of fluctuations, would never lose its importance. Among the spectacular discoveries frozen in Europe's mountain ice, one of the most renowned is the tzi Iceman. Die Illyrer die unbekannte Sprache. The Eastern Alps had been included in the Frankish Empire since the 9th century. The coat, belt, leggings and loincloth were constructed of vertical strips of leather sewn together with sinew. Between the 7th and 9th century, the Slavic principality of Carantania existed as one of the few non-Germanic polities in the Alps. [50] There was also an unfinished yew longbow that was 1.82m (72in) long.[51]. The Alps is not a uniform mountain range; it consists of several peaks and valleys with different heights and depths. Carpathian Mountains | Physical Features, Economy & Study They hunted game and left their artifacts in various sites from the Vercors near the Isre valley in France to the Lieglhohle above Taupliz in Austria. In 2015, researchers photographed the body using noninvasive multispectral techniques to capture images on different light wavelengths that are imperceptible by humans, revealing the remainder of his tattoos. The earliest historical accounts date to the Roman period, mostly due to Greco-Roman ethnography, with some epigraphic evidence due to the Raetians, Lepontii and Gauls, with Ligurians and Venetii occupying the fringes in the southwest and southeast, respectively (Cisalpine Gaul) during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. At the time, such an axe will have been a valuable possession, important both as a tool and as a status symbol for the bearer. Luigi Lorenzetti, Raul Merzario, Il fuoco acceso. Raetia was conquered in 15 BC. Ruinele de la Baile Herculane si Borsec nu mai au nimic de oferit, Europe: New Move to Protect Virgin Forests, "Romania breaks up alleged 25m illegal logging ring", "Glacial Ice and Permafrost Distribution in the Medena Kotlina (Slovak Tatras): Mapped with Application of GPR and GST Measurements", "Unification of data from various seismic catalogues to study seismic activity in the Carpathians Mountain arc", "On the origins and historical evolution of toponymy on the territory of Romania", "Toponimie de origine Roman n Transilvania i n sud-vestul Moldovei", Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. [14], In modern times, the range is called Karpaty in Czech, Polish and Slovak and (Karpaty) in Ukrainian, / Karpati in Serbian, Carpai [karpats] (listen) in Romanian, in Rusyn, Karpaten in German and Krptok in Hungarian. Hannibal - Early Life, Victories & Death | HISTORY A reflection on sustainability comparing tzi's and Simon's deaths, by Benjamin Burger. Gianni Pieropan: Storia della grande guerra sul fronte italiano 19141918, Milan 2001. In that period the socio-political structures of Alpine regions drifted apart. They had no way of knowing at the time just how historic their find was as the corpse was later revealed to be the oldest preserved human being ever found, now known as tzi the Iceman. Higher-elevation subalpine forests are characterized by Norway spruce (Picea abies). On the one hand, activities such as iron manufacturing, which had become prominent during the early modern era, reached their limits due to transportation costs and the increasing scale of business operations. [20] however, it is supported by Eichner, as well as by Eqrem abej as deriving from possible Proto-Albanian karptai, meaning mountainous place, compare Beskids[21][22], In late Roman documents, the Eastern Carpathian Mountains were referred to as Montes Sarmatici (meaning Sarmatian Mountains). Abundant water and steep slopes made the Alps an ideal environment for the production of hydroelectric power. Not until the final breakup of the Carolingian Empire in the 10th and 11th centuries is it possible to trace out the local history of different parts of the Alps, notably with the High Medieval Walser migrations. [34][31], At one point, it was thought that tzi was the oldest tattooed human mummy yet discovered. Although commonly referred to as a mountain chain, the Carpathians do not form an uninterrupted chain of mountains. [33] The last volcanic activity occurred at Ciomadul about 30,000 years ago. Mont Blanc - Wikipedia Philippe Della Casa (ed. [13] On the other hand, at the turn of the twentieth century, new opportunities emerged for the manufacturing sector, due largely to electric power, one among the main innovations of the second industrial revolution. Population growth favoured the intensification of land use and the spread of corn, potato and cheese production. [24] It was also found that his epidermis, the outer skin layer, was missing, a natural process from his mummification in ice. [34] The slopes of the Carphartian contain at some locations solifluction deposits. Borders lost their permeability and now bisected areas formerly characterised by a shared sense of community and ongoing exchanges. In the Western and Central Alps, the passes were practicable only by pack animals up to the period around 1800.[7]. Alps, The - Kids | Britannica Kids | Homework Help In addition, two people came forward, each with a claim of being part of the same mountaineering party that had come across tzi and of discovering the body first: In 2005 the rival claims were heard by a Bolzano court. This is a list of the highest national peaks of the Carpathians, their heights, geologic divisions, and locations. As observed on the physical map above, it is a highly mountainous nation covering nearly 60% of the country's area. Alps The Dolomites (Italy) are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. How old are the Swiss Alps? - Quora See e.g. Looking for the best ski resorts in Europe? The 9.5cm (3.7in) long axe head is made of almost pure copper, produced by a combination of casting, cold forging, polishing, and sharpening. Tissues and intestinal contents have been examined microscopically, as have the items found with the body. The German emperors, who received the imperial investiture from the Pope in Rome between the ninth and the fifteenth centuries, had to cross the Alps along with their entourages. It was transported to the office of the medical examiner in Innsbruck, together with other objects found nearby. Moreover, with the invention of new sports the Alps became an area of experimental training. It is true that they won Primiero quite early (1373), as well as (1517) the Ampezzo Valley and several towns to the south of Trento. 16, 2023, 5:20 AM ET (AP) Alps, a small segment of a discontinuous mountain chain that stretches from the Atlas Mountains of North Africa across southern Europe and Asia to beyond the Himalayas. The Carpathians provide habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois, and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania,[6][7][8] as well as over one-third of all European plant species. Also in 1230, a hospice dedicated to Gotthard of Hildesheim was built on the pass to accommodate the pilgrims to Rome which now took this route. Environment, Development, and Society, Morgantown 2009, p. 34-35 (here converted to the area of the Alpine Convention); for the last figure see Alpine Convention: Report on the State of the Alps, Innsbruck 2007, p. 36 (national statistics from 1999 to 2005). [59], By autosomal DNA, tzi is most closely related to Southern Europeans, especially to geographically isolated populations like Corsicans and Sardinians. The two ranges meet at only one point: the Leitha Mountains at Bratislava. During the twentieth century, then, the Alps were involved in the globalisation of tourism, a process that caused the multiplication of its destinations. 416 posts I agree with John that they are very different. By the eighteenth century, a distinctive enthusiasm for nature and the Alps spread in European society. The Carpathians cover an area of 190,000km2 (73,000sqmi). Most of the local Gallic tribes allied themselves with the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War, for the duration of which Rome lost control over most of Northern Italy. There are some French and Franco-Provencal-speaking districts in the Italian Aosta Valley, while there are clusters of Slovene-speakers in the Italian portion of the Julian Alps, in the Resia Valley (where the archaic Resian dialect of Slovene is still spoken) and in the mountain district known as Venetian Slovenia. The Alps are an extensive mountain system that is located in south-central Europe. The geological border between the Western and Eastern Carpathians runs approximately along the line (south to north) between the towns of Michalovce, Bardejov, Nowy Scz and Tarnw. [53] It was let into the forked end of the crook and fixed there using birch-tar and tight leather lashing. The highest peak in the Alps is the Mont Blanc, at 4,809 meters (15,777 feet). The second-highest range is the Southern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks range between 2,500m (8,200ft) and 2,550m (8,370ft). In the Scandinavian Hervarar saga, which relates ancient Germanic legends about battles between Goths and Huns, the name Karpates appears in the predictable Germanic form as Harvaa fjllum (see Grimm's law). We list the twelve of the best ski resorts in the Alps, click to find out which is best for you. The Gotthard Pass was known in antiquity as Adula Mons, but it was not one of the important Alpine passes due to the impassability of the Schllenen Gorge north of the pass. For the modern era it is possible to offer a quantitative estimate of the population of the Alpine region. Andrea Leonardi, Hans Heiss (eds. [23] The Western Carpathians were called Carpates, a name that is first recorded in Ptolemy's Geographia (second century AD). In 1991 the Alpine Convention was established to regulate this transnational area, whose area measures about 190,000 square kilometres (73,000sqmi). This is not likely to end soon, if the advertisements and presentations of the major Alpine resorts that intersperse the Sunday editions of the major newspapers are any indicator. 2004. There are about 4,500 species of vascular plants, 800 species of . Since 1998, he has been on display at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, the capital of South Tyrol. The provincial government decided to appeal.[87]. The river also separates them from the Balkan Mountains at Orova in Romania. Equidistant from Geneva . New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing, Iceman Photoscan, published by EURAC Research, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman, "Death of the Iceman" a synopsis of a BBC Horizon TV documentary first broadcast on 7 February 2002, tzi Links Der Mann aus dem Eis vom Hauslabjoch a list of links to websites about tzi in English, German and Italian, Otzi, the 5,300 Year Old Iceman from the Alps: Pictures & Information, "Five millennia on, Iceman of Bolzano gives up DNA secrets", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=tzi&oldid=1160858272, Sandra Nemeth, from Switzerland, who contended that she had found the corpse before Helmut and Erika Simon and spat on it to make sure that her, This page was last edited on 19 June 2023, at 06:21. Geography Swiss Alps seen from the Swiss Jura in December 2010 The Alps cover 60% of Switzerland's total 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi) surface area, making it one of the most alpine countries. New tunnel in Swiss Alps changes railway transport in Europe [54], tzi's full genome has been sequenced; the report on this was published on 28 February 2012. In 2018, researchers performed a thorough analysis of his stomach and intestines to gain insights on Chalcolithic meal composition and dietary habits. The Alps are at the crossroads of the French, Italian, German and South Slavic linguistic sprachraums. [67], In May 2012, scientists announced the discovery that tzi still had intact blood cells. Germanic root *skerp-, Old Norse harfr "harrow", Gothic skarpo, Middle Low German scharf "potsherd", and Modern High German Scherbe "shard", Old English scearp and English sharp, Lithuanian kar~pas "cut, hack, notch", Latvian crpt "to shear, clip"). Railway companies, travel guides, travelogues and travel agents joined forces to make the Alps a prestigious tourist destination. (2018) "The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use". The first phase was dominated by summertime visits and, by about 1850, the expansion of Alpine health resorts and spas. 1 Carpathian Mountains, Carpathianconvention.org: The Framework Convention for the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians, Orographic map highlighting Carpathian mountains, Pgi.gov.pl: Oil and Gas Fields in the Carpathians, Video: Beautiful mountains Carpathians, Ukraine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carpathian_Mountains&oldid=1161067305. [68][69], In 2016, researchers reported on a study from the extraction of twelve samples from the gastrointestinal tract of tzi to analyze the origins of the Helicobacter pylori in his gut. According to modern geopolitical division, Carpathians can be grouped as: Serbian, Romanian, Ukrainian, Polish, Slovakian, Czech and Austrian. The new subclade has provisionally been named K1 for tzi. These groups are: The section of the Carpathians within the borders of Ukraine is commonly known as the Ukrainian Carpathians. [84] According to their study of the items found near tzi and their locations, the iceman may have been placed above what has been interpreted as a stone burial mound, but his body subsequently moved with each thaw cycle that created a flowing watery mixture driven by gravity before being re-frozen. The Alps: The Alps are part of the Alpide belt, a larger chain of mountains. It shows tzi looking old for his 45 years, with deep-set brown eyes, a beard, a furrowed face, and sunken cheeks. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans. This profound transformation was obviously due to the spread of industrialisation in Europe during the nineteenth century, which had its impact on the Alps, directly or indirectly. Later, tourism started to shift to the winter season, particularly after the introduction of ski-lifts in early twentieth century. Meet tzi The Iceman, History's Oldest-Preserved Human With a maximum elevation of only 549 metres above sea level, it is the first flat direct route through the Alpine barrier. In 1349 the Dauphin fell to France, while in 1388 the county of Nice passed from Provence to the house of Savoy, which also then held Piedmont as well as other lands on the Italian side of the Alps. The mountains were formed as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. They also act as a linguistic refugium, preserving archaic dialects such as Romansh, Walser German or Romance Lombardic. After the Alps, they form the next-most extensive mountain system in Europe. This, along with tzi's copper axe blade, which is 99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that tzi was involved in copper smelting. In the proximity of the body, and thus possibly originating from the Iceman's provisions, chaff and grains of einkorn and barley, and seeds of flax and poppy were discovered, as well as kernels of sloes (small plum-like fruits of the blackthorn tree) and various seeds of berries growing in the wild. Facts About the European Alps. During the Wrm glaciation (up to c. 11700 BP), the entire Alps were covered in ice. These mountain ranges extend for about 1,200 km in a crescent shape across eight Alpine countries, namely Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and Switzerland. [citation needed]. A remarkable step was made in 1991 with the signing of the Alpine Convention between all Alpine countries and the European Union. The Alps formed about 65 million years ago. Until the late nineteenth century many Alpine valleys remained mainly shaped by agrarian and pastoral activities. 13 Things Found Frozen In Europe's Mountain Ice - WorldAtlas Mont Blanc | Location, Facts, Map, & Height | Britannica Answer: The Alps were first formed about 55 million years ago when a part of Africa collided with Europe. History of the Alps - Wikipedia "Inter Alpes Huniae et Oceanum est Polonia" ("Between the Hunic Alps and the ocean lies Poland") by Gervase of Tilbury, was described in his Otia Imperialia ("Recreation for an Emperor") in 1211. [30], Internal zones in western and eastern segments contain older Variscan igneous massifs reworked in Mesozoic thick and thin-skinned nappes. Roughly 1,500km (930mi) long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at 2,500km (1,600mi) and the Scandinavian Mountains at 1,700km (1,100mi). On the west, the Alps run along the . According to this theory, the item currently interpreted as part of a backpack is actually the wood frame and netting of one snowshoe and animal hide to cover the face. Not only was tzi discovered to be over 5,300 years old, but he was . The shoes were waterproof and wide, seemingly designed for walking across the snow; they were constructed using bearskin for the soles, deer hide for the top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Geography of the Alps - Wikipedia In general, it is noteworthy that even if modern industry tourism, the railway and later the highway system represented opportunities for the Alps, complementing its traditional openness to new challenges, it also produced negative consequences, such as the human impact on the environment. Austrian Alps & Italian Alps - Video - Rick Steves' Europe Home / Watch, Read, Listen / Watch the TV Show / Austrian and Italian Alps Share Austrian and Italian Alps Austrian and Italian Alps Watch on In the Alps of Austria and Italy, we celebrate both nature and culture. MtDNA Haplogroup K (believed to have originated in the mid-Upper Paleolithic, between about 30,000 and 22,000 years ago, with an estimated age here of c. 12,000 years BP), is a genetic marker associated with southeastern Alpine region. The highest altitudes of the Carpathians occur where they are widest. In 1994 the authorities offered a "symbolic" reward of lire10 million (5,200), which the Simons declined. In 1797 they obtained Venetia proper, in 1803 the secularized bishoprics of Trento and Brixen (as well as that of Salzburg, more to the north), besides the Valtellina region, and in 1815 the Bergamasque valleys, while the Milanese had belonged to them since 1535. [25] tzi's teeth showed considerable internal deterioration from cavities. The successive emigration and occupation of the Alpine region by the Alemanni from the 6th to the 8th centuries are, too, known only in outline. June 9, 2023, at 1:15 p.m. French Alps Attack Exposes Macron's Challenges on Immigration. Einkorn wheat is harvested in the late summer, and sloes in the autumn; these must have been stored from the previous year. The Trentino-Alto Adige/Sdtirol region, which was annexed by Italy after World War I, has a German-speaking majority in the northern province of South Tyrol. Climate change causes a mountain peak frozen for thousands of years to The contemporary monument Tropaeum Alpium in La Turbie celebrates the victory won by the Romans over 46 tribes in these mountains. [18], The archaic Polish word karpa meant 'rugged irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, rugged roots, or trunks'. After the Roman emperor Trajan's conquest of Dacia, he brought back to Rome over 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver. [1], Traces of transhumance appear in the neolithic. A few details have come down to modern scholars of the conquest of many of the Alpine tribes by Augustus, as well as Hannibal's battles across the Alps. Exploring the Alps - A Time-Lapse Journey through the European Alps Roughly 1,500 km (930 mi) long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and the Scandinavian Mountains at 1,700 km (1,100 mi). The Alps - Europe's Largest Mountain Range | Complete Guide Rflexions sur l'usage des terme alpe et montagne, in: Le Monde alpin et rhodanien 25 (1997), pp. The Real History Behind "The Sound of Music" | HISTORY Maramure-Bukovinian Carpathians (Romanian: Moldavian-Transylvanian Carpathians (Romanian: This page was last edited on 20 June 2023, at 12:29. [70], tzi's stomach was completely full and its contents were mostly undigested. The kit featured pieces of over a dozen different plants, in addition to flint and pyrite for creating sparks. Unearthed in 1991 from the Otztal Alpshence the namebetween Austria and Italy, this natural mummy provides an exceptional peek into the Copper Age of Europe. there are beds galore, and restaurants and nightlife to match, in an old mountain village that has long since grown into a vibrant car-free town. European beech is characteristic of the montane forest zone. Foothill forests are primarily of broadleaf deciduous trees, including oak, hornbeam, and linden. From the High Middle Ages and throughout the Early Modern era, the political history of the Eastern Alps can be considered almost totally in terms of the advance or retreat of the house of Habsburg. This degree of mobility is not characteristic of other Copper Age Europeans. I, too, lived in Colorado (with views of the continental divide from my back deck) and I have traveled in Switzerland--even driven in Switzerland. At one and the same time, regional identities were reinforced and a common Alpine identity was constructed. Classification of eastern sections of the Carpathians is particularly complex, since it was influenced by several overlapping traditions. tzi - Wikipedia Fernand Braudel: The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, vol. French President Emmanuel Macron talks with Henri, the 24-year-old 'backpack hero', as Youssouf, who . Infrastrutture viarie e sistemi di relazioni in area alpina (secoli XIII-XVI), Bologna 2007. The range is home to Mont Blanc, which at 4,810m, is the tallest mountain in western Europe. [37], Many of tzi's tattoos originally went unnoticed, since they are difficult to see with the naked eye. 58,983,000 Currency Exchange Rate: 1 USD equals 0.917 euro Head Of State: President: Sergio Mattarella See all facts & stats tzi's copper axe was of particular interest. At the same time, the internal zones of the orogenic belt were affected by large extensional structure[32] of the back-arc Pannonian Basin. This process was strengthened by the appearance of a new set of cultural values for the Alps. [21], By examination of the proportions of tzi's tibia, femur, and pelvis, it was postulated that tzi's lifestyle included long walks over hilly terrain. These oral pathologies may have been brought about by his grain-heavy, high carbohydrate diet. Mont Blanc ( French: Mont Blanc [m bl]; Italian: Monte Bianco [monte bjako], both meaning "white mountain") is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe, and the highest mountain in Europe outside the Caucasus mountains, rising 4,807.81 m (15,774 ft) above sea level, located on the French-Italian border. [17] Analysis of tzi's intestinal contents showed two meals (the last one consumed about eight hours before his death), one of chamois meat, the other of red deer and herb bread; both were eaten with roots and fruits. Two years later, in June 2006, an appeals court affirmed that the Simons had indeed discovered the Iceman and were therefore entitled to a finder's fee. Enrico Camanni: La montagna descritta, in: Le cattedrali della terra, Milan 2000, pp. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians ( / krpeinz /) are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. The court decided in the Simons' favor in November 2003, and at the end of December that year the Simons announced that they were seeking US$300,000 as their fee.
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