by Lindsay Maizland 13 Causes of Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria and Solutions Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. When you raise objections it snowballs into ethnic fight. Because the colonialist formed the country out of diverse ethnic nationalities, there is no ideal to inspire patriotism among citizens. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 25 0 R 26 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Rising anti-Americanism in Ethiopia resulting from the Biden administrations stance on the Tigray conflict has helped push Ethiopia toward closer military and trade ties with Russia and Turkey. 0000031735 00000 n 0000013857 00000 n 0000010086 00000 n Michelsen Institute, has researched Ethiopian politics for the last two decades. An offensive launched in June 2021 by the Tigrayan forces resulted in the recapture of the main towns, including Tigray's capital Mekelle, leading the Ethiopian government to declare a unilateral. Muslims in in Kenya appear to be more deprived in relation to others, than Muslims in Ethiopia in terms of economic and political factors. 0000009429 00000 n Violent conflicts are likely if changes in the economic situation of a state (e.g . Because of strong religious and ethnic hostility, some nationalist believe that amalgamation was a mistake and that Nigeria is a mere geographical expression. A humanitarian and political crisis is evolving, with long lasting ramifications for Ethiopia and for the Horn of Africa region. Recently another militia force gave an ultimatum to other ethnic groups living in the Niger Delta to go before October 1, 2017. The thesis has its starting point in Social Movement Theory, in order to explain the growth of Islamic radicalization and jihadi sentiments on Kenyan soil and the absence thereof in Ethiopia. This suggestion, led to the starting of Sharia criminal legal system by 12 predominantly Moslem states in the North in year 2000 to 2002, which caused national controversies and led to an outcry by Christians. Differentiating the Diaspora: Reflections on diasporic engagement for peace in the Horn of Africa. About 2.9 million new displacements associated with conflict were recorded in Ethiopia, the highest figure in the world and four times as many as in 2017. Lisbon: CEA-IUL, 2013. It is important to note that the dam was pioneered by the TPLF-led government under Meles Zenawi. Where is the value and sanctity of human life? 0000027262 00000 n 0000002932 00000 n After Washington announced sanctions against all sides in the conflict in September, Abiy responded with an online letter to Biden accusing the U.S. administration of failing to openly and sternly reprimand the terrorist group in the same manner it has been chastising my Government.. Causes of Ethnic Conflict in Ethiopia and Its Effect on Development 0000009046 00000 n At the moment, there are several national and regional development projects being implemented in the Gambella Region in Western Ethiopia. Marginalization of some ethnic groups that make up the country is one of the causes of ethnic conflict in Nigeria. 2 0 obj PDF The Politics of Ethnic Identity and Conflicts under Ethnic Federal Accepted 12 March, 2012 Corruption and unqualified leaders cause ethnic conflict in Nigeria. Though you cannot liken herdsmen attack to disputes over ownership of land, we should condemn both. The ethnic tension and conflict among dominant group are often politically manipulated in order to fracture potential political alliances that might threaten the political supremacy of TPLF. by Zongyuan Zoe Liu The ethnic groups of Amhara and Oromo within Oromia and Amhara have a long history of close relationships in economic, social and political affairs. This article will show that ethnic conflict is bad and discuss factors that we have listed above, and close by giving solutions for stopping ethnic conflict. What are the realsolutions to the inter ethnic crises and violence in Nigeria? (PDF) Ethnic Federalism and Conflict in Ethiopia: What Lessons Can Ethnic conflict - Weak States, Ethnic Geography, and Exclusionary Your email address will not be published. The TPLF ruled in such a way that it redefined Ethiopia largely by ethnicity, with Tigrayans reaping most of the power. 0000031352 00000 n Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Conflict is inevitable; might escalate and lead to non productive results, or conflict can be beneficially resolved and lead to quality final products.Another perhaps inherent problem of ethno-linguistic federalism is its tendency to localize and or create new conflicts. 0000004933 00000 n In Kenya, this creates resentment towards the state on a group level, while it reinforces narratives claiming that the state is waging war against Islam. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Till date, reconciliation, rehabilitation, and restoration of the economy and the people in the east is still ongoing and the wounds of the war has not healed totally after over five decades. @dV Professor of History, Central Connecticut State University. The contradiction between citizenship (individual) rights and group (cultural) rights has not been solved and caused protracted conflict in many of multi-ethnic regional states. Democracy and Peace in the Horn of Africa, State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa: Conflict and processes of state formation, reconfiguration and disintegration, Alexandra Magnolia Dias, Aleksi Ylnen, Manuel Joao Ramos, Patrick Ferras, Elsa Aim Gonzalez, Ana Casco, Changing Relations between Somalia and Ethiopia: Potential Risks on the Horizon, South African Institute of International Affairs, EPU Research Papers ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, Assessment of Conflict Dynamics in Somali National Regional State of Ethiopia, From Marginalization to Radicalization -- a Social Movement Theory Approach to Understanding Radicalization Among Muslims in Kenya and Ethiopia, State and Politics in Ethiopia's Somali Region Since 1991, Weaknesses of Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia, The Ethiopian Somali Dynamic Bearings of a Simmering Statutory Crisis, Federalism in Africa: The Case of Ethnic-Based Federalism in Ethiopia (Wondwosen Teshome and Jan Zahorik), Conflict Management in the Ethiopian Multi-national Federation: A Critical Examination, Recognizing Diversity as a Tool for Unity in Ethiopia: Challenges & Opportunities MA Thesis, Quest for Ethnic Identity and Autonomy in Ethiopia, UNiteD StateS iNStitUte of PeaCe Political Violence and Democratic Uncertainty in ethiopia, 2012 Academic Journals The post 1991 'inter-ethnic' conflicts in Ethiopia: An investigation, Why Silence? One of the other crucial causes of ethnic conflict in Nigeria is the introduction of sharia criminal legal system in some parts of Northern Nigeria. xref Backgrounder Long rule by the military in Nigeria put military psyche into Nigerians. (PDF) Ethnic federalism and conflict in Ethiopia Islamic radicalization and terror has thus become a home- grown problem. December 19, 2019 Click here to see the article on 10 solutions to the inter ethnic crises and violence in Nigeria. This paper seeks to examine the causes and management of ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia, with a particular reference to the two major ethnic groups, the Amhara and Oromo. Even though the two major ethnic groups, the . Concern has recently turned to the risk of starvation for hundreds of thousands of people cut off from supplies. The 1999 constitution is widely seen as a military constitution and this document is one of the causes of ethnic conflict in Nigeria. Conservative estimates point at hundreds killed, but the actual numbers are likely to be much higher. It argues that the presence of radicalization in Kenya and the near absence of the same in Ethiopia can, at least to some degree, be explained by the differences in the relationship between the state and its Muslim minority relative other religious groups. The old conflicts became more entrenched and new conflicts To learn more, visit As for Ethiopia itself, all-out civil war could be catastrophic, igniting tensions in a country that consists of more than 80 ethnic groups, and potentially leading to the breakup of the country into unviable political entities and enclaves. Hobbies includes: Reading, Writing and Research. Ethiopia has shown encouraging economic development in the past years. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Habtamu, Feleke, Inter-Ethnic Conflict and Eviction in Post-1991 Ethiopia: The Case of Oromia (August 26, 2020). The content on the InfoGuide Nigeria is provided as general information only. For example, the former Governor of Zamfara State Alhaji Sani Ahmad Yerima suggested that Zamfara state should adopt sharia criminal legal code in 1999. Asnake Kefale(Addis Ababa University),Ren Lefort(independent writer/author on Ethiopia) andLovise Aalen(Chr. Evidence from Substrate Vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon, Pastoralism in InterAction with Other Forms of Land Use in the Blue Nile Area of Sudan [Ed, Gumuz Verb Morphology a Thesis Presented to The, Evidence of the Interplay of Genetics and Culture in Ethiopia - Supplementary Material, Language Policy and Identity in a Diverse Society, The Case of Benishangul Gumuz (1991-2018), A Sociolinguistic Survey of Six Berta Speech Varieties in Ethiopia, Causes of Ethnic Conflict in Ethiopia and Its Effect on Development: the Case of Amhara and Gumuz Communities. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In: Mulugeta Gebrehiwot Berhe (ed. Weak or failed states often serve as an impetus for ethnic conflict. Cookie Settings. Read Also:The Role of Public Protest on Government Policies. In those regions, the rights of the minority are not protected; and access to resources and the right of political representation of out-group members, as per the principles of ethno-linguistic self-administration, are often denied. expanded in 2021, Ethiopia's security forces detained thousands of ethnic Tigrayans, citing security needs. For example these leaders use Sirens and drive recklessly on our roads as if to say that might is right. Tribalism is one of the causes of ethnic conflict in Nigeria. The strategic government action to crack-down unity over cross-cutting cleavages such as religion, common historical experiences and national feelings increases the vulnerability and risk of interethnic conflict and national disintegration. It should go further to stamp out marginalization of ethnic groups and start constitutional reforms to stop IPOBs separatist agenda. As in many other societies, conflict in Ethiopia has been, and. He has written extensively on federalism, conflict management, political economy, and migration in the Ethiopian context, and is currently involved in several international research projects on Ethiopian politics. 0000007558 00000 n What I want to emphasize is that leaders has to be kin to practice adaptive leadership. Critics argue that any disintegration of Ethiopia would strengthen Egypts position in negotiations over the dam. Dias, A.M. (ed). Accordingly, the root causes of the post 1991 ethnic conflicts in Ethiopia associated with nation building process and centralization of power in Ethiopia and power sharing conflicts. Posted: 16 Oct 2020. Renewing America. Ethiopians suspect that U.S. foreign policy is being influenced in part by Washingtons support for Egyptian president Abdul Fattah al-Sisi in a dispute over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, an enormous hydroelectric power project on the Blue Nile that Ethiopia says it needs for a reliable electrical grid and economic development. The consociational principle of power sharing, e.g., mutual veto, proportionality and quota should be used to mute ethno-political conflict by avoiding violent decision against the rights of the minority (either ethnic or political). State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa. The finding showed that the conflict dynamics in Ethiopia are complicated and it is increasing from time to time. For example, employment into public office, ministries, agencies and directorates of federal government are mostly for tribal reasons and not competence. 638 0 obj In the general context, the Somali region conflict dynamics can be affected in the future by Oil and minerals extraction potential of the region, land resource and ownership, inequities in levels of development between and within regions of the country, Woreda or administrative distributions among the Somali-clans, political power division, and regional volatile political issues. supports HTML5 video. As prime minister, Abiy began limiting the economic dominance of the TPLF and instituting more centralized federal policies. Leiden University Abstract J. Abbink focuses on some problems and prospects of ethno-regional federalism in Ethiopia. What is the immediate cause of the conflict in Ethiopia? Join the list today.]. The Water's Edge. This sparked a retaliatory strike by government forces and a declaration of a state of emergency by Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. Join Secretary of State Blinken for a discussion on U.S. foreign policy priorities and challenges on Wednesday, June 28, at 10:30 a.m. (EDT). After 2016 the conflict dynamics and the reasons for internal displacement in Somali region was changed since it was triggered by conflict between Somali-Oromia over access resource and regional boundaries. This report is an attempt to contribute to this debate by focusing on two major themes: large-scale agriculture and the villagization programmes. 5) Resource Control. grazing land) and . A conflict between the government of Ethiopia and forces in its northern Tigray region has thrown the country into turmoil. This is one of the causes of ethnic conflict in Nigeria. Another spin-off from ethnic conflicts and religious differences is the spate of attacks on innocent farmers by people alleged to be Fulani herdsmen. Clear inequality exists in the way Nigeria shares its federal positions and allocation of infrastructure projects among the federating states. endobj into African Union), Ethiopia played an essential role in laying the foundation for Africa's anti-colonial struggles. State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa. Our aim is to provide daily living guide for Nigerians and her friends. Read more Terms of Use. Although, militants have stopped destroying NNPC pipelines and vandalizing export terminals, the agitation for resource control persists today. How Will China React to Ugandas Looming Debt Crisis? History shows that religious intolerance was the cause of the Riot that took place in Kano on May 1, 1953 which began a series of violent attacks against non-Muslims in the Country. History, Identity and Minority Citizenship : The Case of the Mao and Komo of Western Ethiopia, Traditional Instruments of Conflict Resolution and Mediation among the People of Gambella, Ethiopia, Title: Economic and agricultural transformation through large-scale farming : impacts of large-scale farming on local economic development, household food security and the environment in Ethiopia, Nuer Civil Wars, in Gnther Schlee & Elizabeth E. Watson (eds), Changing Identification and Alliances in North-east Africa, vol. hb```b``Y' ,-,Y0h``,*UEEU2+[!Jonq\UM5sB>rXjGe-_?9bkQRNmzqeI3?WFU*-kSUuXB6L{\_Fc7#^z2oIP?kUyO'$hfMkJf=Y)\v%+y9GE4Zs{'qKx^l?;lnpMU>rqz43::A PaDpIX.n0UliP8HDEIhh( I cl2E@q'>322,eXq7B:flELLgx):0`ObXo01Y+/c,C&yJEX:ZdZ'IYfyS^` ahhaL Ca. The Legacy of Power Sharing in Kenya: Literature Challenges and Research Agenda's Invisibilities, 'No one can stay without someone' Transnational networks amongst the Nuer-speaking peoples of Gambella and South Sudan freddie carver aNd duol ruach Guok, Decentralisation as Ethnic Closure, with Special Reference to a Declining Negotiated Access to Natural Resources in Western Ethiopia Dereje Feyissa, The New State of South Sudan: Econmic and Secuity Diamesions to Ethiopia, From Subject to Citizen? Management of ethnic conflict in Ethiopia: The case of Amhara and Oromo 0000000016 00000 n Based on this, to say that Favoritism produces a corrupt and an inept leader is true. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. There is a long history to the fighting, but the spark to the current phase was an attack on federal troops based in Mekelle, by the TPLF, on Nov. 4, 2020. The aim of the, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Monthly, you hear that herdsmen attacked one community or another sacking it and destroying lives and property. Since Nigeria is a circular state, it should not have considered imposition of Islamic Sharia law on non-Muslims. The fighting has been particularly intense. Fulani Refugees/Returnees and Governance discourses on the Mauritania/Mali border (Karakoro region), " We are trained to be married! " x=kUDJ0 uJJs.%7|H`Rv k{H^9}:ono^&yV:Y=Mdb*N:SNg,Df nZDE"E%_K ",)A)0u.6~WK!w^IHr'u&Z*$^LkrmHR.v(,F#HLTgS} -(2!eVV,/`DC3NC|B!GYH/oQZlR\ iDCQx June 24, 2023, Backgrounder It is wonderful summary of analysis on causes and effects of ethnics conflict.
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